The part of an argument that gives us evidence or reason for accepting the conclusion is referred to as
Question 1In PHIL 110 class, we studied that critical thinking is
Thinking outside the box
Passively absorbing ideas and information
Conforming our ideas to the wishes of the group
Thinking inside the box
Question 2Which of the following is true of a deductively valid argument?
All of the Above
If the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true
The premises may or may not be true
The Truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion
Question 3Which of the following is a statement?
What day is today?
Fayetteville is the largest city in the USA
Quit telling lies!
Dear God, let all my critical thinking students make an A in this class
Question 4The part of an argument that gives us evidence or reason for accepting the conclusion is referred to as
a premise
a conclusion
an explanation
an indicator word
Question 5The conclusion of the following argument is _______
Witches are real. They are mentioned in the Bible. There are many people today who claim to be witches. And historical records reveal there were witches in Salem.”
They are mentioned in the bible
And historical records reveal there were witches in Salem
There are many people today who claim to be witches
Witches are real
Question 6Explanations, unlike arguments,
always contain at least a premise and a conclusion
All of the above
try to prove that a statement is true
try to show why or how something is the way it is
Question 7Which one of the following is an argument?
I stayed home from school because I was sick
God exists because He created the heavens and earth
He cheated on the critical thinking test because if he didn’t, he would flunk the course
I ate because I was hungry
Question 8In the argument below, the premise is __________
I think that the Miss USA contestant should withdraw from the contest being that she is an adulteress
None of the Above
Miss USA contestant is an adulteress
Miss USA contestant should withdraw from the contest
The argument has no premises, since there is no evidence that Miss USA contestant is adultress
Question 9″If I do not wake up, then I cannot go to work. If I cannot go to work, then I will not get paid. Therefore, if I do not wake up, then I will not get paid”
This is an example of
Modus tollens
Disjunctive syllogism
Hypothetical syllogism
Modus ponens
Question 10All human beings need oxygen to survive. You are a human being, so you need oxygen to survive This is argument is
Both invalid and unsound
sound but invalid
valid but unsound
Both valid and sound
Question 11A conseqeunce of not thinking critically, according to the text, is…
greater creativity
loss of personal freedom
personal success
greater control
Question 12All cobras are poisonous snakes, and all poisonous snakes are dangerous. It follows that all cobras are dangerous. This argument is
Deductively Invalid
Inductively Weak
Deductively valid
Inductively strong
Question 13All students at Fayetteville State University are white. You are a student at Fayetteville State University. Therefore, you are white. This argument is
Sound but Invalid
Valid but Unsound
Invalid and Unsound
Valid and Sound
Question 14This argument is____________
“I have been watching that barber shop for many months now, and 70% of the men I have seen coming out have had bad haircuts both when they went in and when they came out. I predict that in the next Month around 70% of the men are going to come out of there with bad haircuts.”
Deductively Valid
Inductively Weak
Inductively Strong
Deductively Invalid
Question 15Cigarette smoking causes lung cancer. So, if you have been a heavy cigarette smoker for many years, you will probably die of lung cancer. This argument should be treated as
Sound
Inductive
Both deductive and inductive
Deductive
Question 16Three students who made perfect scores on Paul’s Critical Thinking class final were originally from California. Therefore, the next student who makes a perfect score on Paul’s Critical Thinking class final will also be from California. This is an example of a (n)
Sound Argument
Valid Argument
Deductive argument
Inductive Argument
Question 17If it rains, then the ground will be wet. It has rained. Therefore, the ground is wet. This is an example of
Modus Tollens
Modus Ponens
Denying the Antecedent
Categorical Syllogism
Question 18If you reside in New York, then you live in the USA. You don’t live in the USA. Therefore, you don’t live in New York. This is an example of
Denying the antecedent
Affirming the consequent
Modus Tollens
Modus Ponens
Question 19A police officer arrested one of the critical thinking students based upon this argument: “If the student was guilty then he would be nervous. He ws nervous; therefore, he was guilty.” The police officer’s argument is
invalid because it affirms the consequent
invalid because it affirms the antecedent
valid because it affirms the consequent
valid because it denies the consequent
Question 20All U.S Presidents have been men. So, it is likely that the next president will be a man. This is argument is
Cogent but not strong
Both valid and sound
Both strong and cogent
Strong but not cogent
Question 21Most U.S presidents have been black. Therefore, probably the next president will be black.
Sound but not valid
Strong but uncogent
Both valid and sound
Both strong and cogent
Question 22″The cake has either chocolate or vanilla frosting.The cake does not have vanilla frosting.Therefore, the cake has chocolate frosting.”
This argument is referred to as
disjunctive syllogism
modus ponens
modus tollens
hypothetical syllogism
Question 23Denying the antecedent arguments has the following pattern:
If p then q; not q; so, not p
If p then q; if q then r; so, if p then r
If not p, then not q; not p; so, not q
If p then q; not p; so, not q
Question 24″If you study hard then you will pass this class. You do not study hard. Therefore, you will not pass this class.” This argument is
invalid because it denies the antecedent
valid because it affirms the antecedent
invalid because it affirms the antecedent
valid because it denies the antecedent
Question 25 According to social relativism, the beliefs of a society
cannot be true
can be mistaken
can be criticized
cannot be mistaken
Question 26 During the 1930’s and 1940’s, the Nazi regime in Germany murdered and tortured millions of innocent people. According to social relativism,
what the Nazis did was obviously wrong and should be condemned by all moral people
what the Nazi’s did was obviously wrong and should be condemned bu all religious people since they violated one of the ten commandments; namely, “thou shall not kill.”
the murder and torture of innocent people is objectively wrong
what the Nazis did was right for the Nazis since genocide was an integral part of their cultural or societal beliefs
Question 27 Which of the following can prevent one from thinking critically?
conformism
All of the Above
stereotype
peer pressure
Question 28Conformism is said to be one of the hindrances to good critical thinking because it can
cause dependence on others and reduce one’s creativity
promote higher order thinking
promote tolerance and orderliness in society
help people to think critically and independently
Question 29Our most important source of information about the world, according to critical thinkers, comes from
Personal Experience
Church Pastors
Professors
Our Spouses
Question 30Which of the following factors are to be considered in deciding whether someone should be considered an expert?
Experience
All of the Above
Education
Accomplishments
Question 31Which of the following is most accurate regarding background beliefs or information?
Background beliefs are fallible; however, they are not subject to revision
Background beliefs should be subject to revision if sufficient evidence is presented against them
Background beliefs are not subject to revision even if enough evidence is presented against them
Background beliefs are infallible; hence they are not subject to revision
Question 32We fall into inappropriate appeal to authority by
Checking the expert’s credentials
Regarding an expert as a non-expert
Regarding a non-expert as an expert
Ignoring the expert
Question 33We are guilty of confirmation bias when we
when we rely on experts rather than non-experts
when we rely on non-experts rather than experts
when we seek out and use only evidence that confirms our cherished views
when we rely on evidence not because it is credible but because it is memorable or striking
Question 34
Some of the students of Paul’s critical thinking class who invoked a few vivid media reports of tragic plane crashes believe that air travel is more dangerous than other modes of transportation. Therefore, they are scared of travelling by airplane. These students are guilty of…
Confirmation bias
Availability error
Availability bias
Confirmation error
Question 35Which of the following is accurate?
Experts are infallible; therefore, they can never be doubted
We are justified in doubting experts if they are bias
Non-Experts are more knowledgeable than non-experts; therefore, we should accept claims made by them, no matter what.
When experts disagree about a claim we have good reason to accept it
Question 36An argument, as that term is used in critical thinking, is
a report of what will happen in the future
a physical fight between two angry people
a claim defended with reason
a quarrel or dispute between two or more persons
Question 37It is impossible for an argument to have more than one premise
True
False
Question 38When inductively strong arguments have true premises, they are said to be cogent
True
False
Question 39A valid argument can have false premises and a false conclusion
True
False
Question 40If an argument is valid, then it is sound
True
False
Question 41A sound argument cannot have a false premise and a false conclusion
True
False
Question 42 Both modus ponens and modus tollens are deductively valid
True
False
Question 43In arguing against the Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, one of the Senators said this “We finally did away with the individual mandate tax that was established under that wonderful bill called Obamacare”, he continued “No, if you didn’t catch on, I was being very sarcastic. That was the stupidest, dumbass bill that I’ve ever seen.” What fallacy is involved in this argument?
Two Wrongs Make a Right
Straw Man
Ad Hominem
Look who’s talking
Question 44Professor Handsome Paul, I deserve a better grade than a D in this class. Look, my parents just got a divorce. If they see that I got a D, they will just blame each other, and the fighting will start all over again. Give me a break. This is a classic fallacy of
Appeal to Pity
Composition
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem)
A[peal to tradition
Question 45Paul says that students who cheat on exams should not automatically be expelled from school. But it’s ridiculous to insist that students should never be punished for cheating. What fallacy is involved here?
Badwagon
Red Herring
Straw Man
Appeal to Tradition
Question 46Mother to Student: I just received your phone Bill. It has gone way over the limit. I am really pissed off.
Student to Mother: My math class has been extremely hard. Thank God, I was the only one who made an A on a test today. Identify the fallacy involved in this argument.
Appeal to Ignorance
Straw Man
Red Herring
Equivocation
Question 47Is the theory of evolution true? Yes. Polls show that most people believe in it. This is an example of a fallacy called
Red Herring
Straw Man
Appeal to Ignorance
Bandwagon
Question 48Of course, the death penalty is a just punishment. It has been used for centuries. What fallacy is involved in this argument?
Appeal to Tradition
Straw Man
Genetic fallacy
Ad Hominem
Question 49Job: I can’t believe it. My bank made a mistake on my account balance. There is an extra $2,000.00 in my checking account.
Sampson: Are you going to report the mistake?
Job: Why should I? They have been ripping me off for years with their high ATM fees.
Job is committing a fallacy called
Bandwagon
Look who’s talking
Two Wrongs Make a Right
Red Herring
Question 50IRS agent: Dr. Boaheng, there is nothing in these documents that proves that you haven’t been cheating on your taxes. Therefore, I must assume that you have been cheating on your taxes. What fallacy is involved here?
Two Wrongs Make a Right
Look Who is Talking
Appeal to ignorance
Appeal to Tradition
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