For some of you, you may be taking this course immediately after finishing an A&P I course. For others, it may have been some time since you have taken A&P
For some of you, you may be taking this course immediately after finishing an A&P I course. For others, it may have been some time since you have taken A&P I. As we review some topics from A&P I, discuss two reasons to study anatomy and physiology. Take a stand on what is probably the most important reason to study A&P, and why.
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 2 Discussion
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder that can have symptoms which include increased appetite, sluggishness, and increased sleepiness. SAD occurs most regularly during the winter months, and is more common in areas with long winter nights. Suggest a role for melatonin in SAD and a possible non-drug therapy.
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 3 Discussion
Echocardiogram
Please to go this site Links to an external site.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apikal4D.gif Links to an external site.) to watch an echocardiogram of real heart valves opening and closing. Also read the description below the video. Discuss why you think this kind of imaging might be helpful. What kinds of issues or anomalies might it be able to detect? What might it not be able to detect?
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 4 Discussion
Fatigue, Shortness of breath, and Swollen feet
An overweight patient comes to a clinic complaining of fatigue, swollen feet, and shortness of breath. She also admits that sometimes she feels that she cannot think clearly. She works at a local retail store, and she is on her feet all day. When she isn’t working, she doesn’t do any exercise. With her weight, she finds it hard to walk too much. Explain the strain she is putting on her vasculature and respiratory system, and explain what may be involved in this patient’s signs and symptoms.
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 5 Discussion
Lymphatic System versus the Previously-Discussed Circulatory System
Discuss the differences in the Lymphatic system versus the previously-discussed circulatory system. Explain two differences that may have surprised you, and give examples of why the lymphatic system functions this way.
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 6 Discussion
Fecal Transplants
Research fecal transplants. Describe how this works and why. Speculate on at least two possible issues this might help resolve.
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 7 Discussion
Bulimia
Jennifer is admitted to the hospital for bulimia. She is 36 years old. Her laboratory results are:
pH 7.48, pCO2 in the normal range, and total HCO3– higher than normal.
Is her acid-base balance acidosis or alkalosis, and is this metabolic or respiratory? Is there evidence of compensation? Propose the mechanism by which bulimia contributed to these lab results.
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 8 Discussion
Conception Difficulties
Stacey and Paul are having difficulty conceiving a child. Stacey ovulates every 28 days, and Paul’s sperm count appears normal. Research reasons why they may be having difficulty. Discuss a few different reasons, then focus on one reason that you think might be likely. Go into detail on what happens to reduce the likelihood for conception in this instance, and explain what might be done to increase the likelihood for conception.
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 1 Assignment
Writing Assignment:
Homeostasis is a key component of the human body. Research specific examples of changes that can trigger a feedback loop in homeostasis. Write about one specific example, explaining what type of feedback loop it is, the process that happens in that loop, and how this relates to homeostasis.
Instructions on how to get started:
Your instructor has included a rubric for this assignment. The rubric is a set of criteria that your instructor will use to grade your assignment. Before submitting your assignment, you can use the Rubric to evaluate your own work and make sure your assignment fulfills your instructor’s requirements. You may view the rubric before or after the assignment is submitted by clicking on the rubric tab below.
You will write this assignment, and then upload it as a file.
To submitting through File Upload:
Choose submission type “Upload”
Drag and drop file into “Upload” box.
Or click “Upload File” box to browse.
Select your submission, once selected the “Submit” button will appear in the bottom right corner.
(If for any reason this doesn’t work, then you can submit through the text entry box.)
If submitting through Text Entry:
Choose submission type “Text”
Click “Start Entry” under Text Entry in box below.
Type out text submission.
Click “Save” in the bottom right corner of text box.
Once you click “Save” the “Submit” button will appear.
If ready to submit, click the “Submit” button in the bottom right text box.
If additional editing needs to be completed, click the “Edit” button again and it will bring up the previously saved work.
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 5 Assignment
Writing Assignment:
Select a specific disease or infection of your choice and research the immune system response. Detail how the disease or infection impacts the body. Explain the immune response and how it looks.
Instructions on how to get started:
Your instructor has included a rubric for this assignment. The rubric is a set of criteria that your instructor will use to grade your assignment. Before submitting your assignment, you can use the Rubric to evaluate your own work and make sure your assignment fulfills your instructor’s requirements. You may view the rubric before or after the assignment is submitted by clicking on the rubric tab below.
You will write this assignment, and then upload it as a file.
o submitting through File Upload:
Choose submission type “Upload”
Drag and drop file into “Upload” box.
Or click “Upload File” box to browse.
Select your submission, once selected the “Submit” button will appear in the bottom right corner.
(If for any reason this doesn’t work, then you can submit through the text entry box.)
If submitting through Text Entry:
Choose submission type “Text”
Click “Start Entry” under Text Entry in box below.
Type out text submission.
Click “Save” in the bottom right corner of text box.
Once you click “Save” the “Submit” button will appear.
If ready to submit, click the “Submit” button in the bottom right text box.
If additional editing needs to be completed, click the “Edit” button again and it will bring up the previously saved work.
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 8 Assignment
Writing Assignment:
Pregnancy causes changes to nearly the entire body. Choose one of the body systems we studied previously. Research how pregnancy impacts and changes this system. Include physiological changes, and explain why you think these changes are beneficial to the process of pregnancy.
Instructions on how to get started:
Your instructor has included a rubric for this assignment. The rubric is a set of criteria that your instructor will use to grade your assignment. Before submitting your assignment, you can use the Rubric to evaluate your own work and make sure your assignment fulfills your instructor’s requirements. You may view the rubric before or after the assignment is submitted by clicking on the rubric tab below.
You will write this assignment, and then upload it as a file.
To submitting through File Upload:
Choose submission type “Upload”
Drag and drop file into “Upload” box.
Or click “Upload File” box to browse.
Select your submission, once selected the “Submit” button will appear in the bottom right corner.
(If for any reason this doesn’t work, then you can submit through the text entry box.)
If submitting through Text Entry:
Choose submission type “Text”
Click “Start Entry” under Text Entry in box below.
Type out text submission.
Click “Save” in the bottom right corner of text box.
Once you click “Save” the “Submit” button will appear.
If ready to submit, click the “Submit” button in the bottom right text box.
If additional editing needs to be completed, click the “Edit” button again and it will bring up the previously saved work.
Modul
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 1 Quiz
1In an x-ray film of the skeletal system, the dense tissue areas appear __________ because they __________ the x-rays; the less dense tissues appear __________ because they __________ the x-rays.
dark; do not absorb; light; absorb
light; do not absorb; dark; absorb
dark; absorb; light; do not absorb
light; absorb; dark; do not absorb
2A tissue has the following characteristics: abundant extracellular matrix, abundant collagen fibers, collagen fibers mainly parallel to each other. Which of the following injuries results in damage to this kind of tissue?
Tear in the cartilage of the knee
Broken femur bone
Bullet penetrating the abdominal wall
Tear in the tissue that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to bone
3Which of the following best describes the effect that holding your breath has on blood pH?
Holding your breath decreases blood pH by increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Holding your breath increases blood pH by decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Holding your breath increases blood pH by increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Holding your breath decreases blood pH by decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
4Viruses are composed primarily of proteins and nucleic acids. Which of the following elements could be used to track the fate of viral proteins to determine if they entered the cell?
Phosphate because proteins contain phosphate, but nucleic acids do not
Nitrogen because proteins contain nitrogen, but nucleic acids do not
Sulfur because proteins contain sulfur, but nucleic acids do not
Oxygen because proteins contain oxygen, but nucleic acids do not
5An unknown molecule was detected in a tissue sample. The molecule is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; appears to be a branching polymer; and is hydrophilic. This molecule is most likely a __________.
carbohydrate
nucleic acid
lipid
protein
6Metabolic water refers to the water molecules produced during normal cellular metabolism. Which types of metabolic reactions are important for the production of metabolic water?
Hydrolysis reactions
Reversible reactions
Dehydration reactions
Catabolic reactions
7A tissue sample has the following components: calcified matrix, collagen, and fibroblasts. Sandy has identified it as bone, but her instructor stated that was . Which statements below should her instructor use to explain the error?
Fibroblasts are only present in cartilage tissue.
Bone tissue would have osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes present.
Calcified matrix is a characteristic of cartilage not bone tissue.
Bone tissue has elastin fibers, not collagen fibers.
8Which type of tissue contains cells called neurons?
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Results for question 9.
9Which of the following is NOT an adhesive molecule found in the ground substance of connective tissue?
Chondroitin sulfate
Fibronectin
Osteonectin
Chondronectin
10Nicholas has been diagnosed with a condition resulting from inflammation of tissue associated with his lungs. Which statement best clarifies the condition?
Nicholas has inflammation of the cutaneous membrane associated with the lungs.
Nicholas has inflammation of the peritoneam, the synovial membrane associated with the lungs.
Nicholas has inflammation of the pleura, the serous membranes associated with the lungs.
Nicholas has inflammation of the mucous membranes associated with the lungs.
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 2 Quiz
1David has been feeling tired lately, and after having blood work completed, it shows elevated TSH, low iodine, and low thyroid hormone levels. Predict the possible cause from the choices below.
Too little information is given to determine the cause.
David could possibly have a thyroid tumor.
David could have a pituitary gland tumor.
David may have iodine deficiency that is causing his thyroid to produce too little thyroid hormone.
2Sympathetic neurons can serve as __________ stimuli for hormone release from certain endocrine organs.
autocrine
neural
paracrine
humoral
3If both ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and cortisol levels increase, which of the following would occur?
ACTH production is increased even more by positive feedback.
Aldosterone levels will increase.
High cortisol levels will begin to cause ACTH levels to decline.
High ACTH levels will begin to cause cortisol levels to decline.
4Which of the following statements regarding hormone transport and distribution is FALSE?
Plasma protein concentration has no influence on free hormone concentration.
Hormones can be transported free in the plasma or bound to plasma proteins.
Only free hormones can diffuse through capillary walls and bind to target tissues.
Hormones bind only to certain types of plasma proteins.
5A water-soluble hormone binds to its receptor on the plasma membrane. Arrange the events that follow in correct sequence.
(1) Alpha subunit-GTP complex alters cell activity
(2) GTP binds to the alpha subunit replacing GDP
(3) G-protein subunits separate from the receptor
(4) Alpha subunit separates from other two subunits
(5) G-protein subunits bind to the receptor
5, 4, 2, 1, 3
4, 2, 1, 3, 5
5, 2, 3, 4, 1
3, 4, 1, 2, 5
6Thromboxane is a chemical mediator released by platelets. Thromboxane promotes the aggregation of platelets which results in platelet plug formation during hemostasis. Thromboxane would therefore be classified as a/an __________.
autocrine chemical messenger
paracrine chemical messenger
neurotransmitter
endorphin
7Emily is in labor with her first child. The amplitude-modulated system would show her oxytocin levels __________.
to have a moderate signal
to have a strong signal
too weak to measure
to have a weak signal
8All of the following are characteristics of the pituitary gland except
influences the secretion of other endocrine glands.
rests in the sphenoid bone.
located superior to the hypothalamus.
is regulated by the hypothalamus.
Results for question 9.
9After a meal, blood glucose levels rise and stimulate the release of insulin. Of which type of stimulation is this an example?
Hypothalamic
Neural
Hormonal
Humoral
10See the image of the chemical messenger below. Select the correct description.
Secreted into the blood by specialized cells. Travels some distance to target tissues. Results in coordinated regulation of cell function.
Produced by a wide variety of tissues and secreted into extracellular fluid. Has a localized effect on nearby tissues.
Produced by neurons. Secreted into a synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals. Travels short distances. Influences postsynaptic cells.
Secreted by cells in a local area. Influences the activity of the same cell from which it was secreted.
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 2 Activity 1 Quiz
Question 1. ________________ is a network of cells called neurons that coordinate actions and transmit signals between different parts of the body.
The nervous system
The central nervous system
The endocrine system
Question 2. What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
spinal nervous system
Question 3 The ________________ is/are an organ that makes and secretes hormones that perform a specific job.
limbs
stomach
liver
gland
Question 4 Which are the major endocrine glands?
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
pineal
thymus
adrenal
kidney
pancreas
ovaries
testes
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 2 Activity 2 Quiz
Question 1 Match the glands to their target organs
T-Lymphocytes
Liver, Muscles, adipose tissue
Anterior pituitary
Brain
Skin, soft tissues, bone, mammary glands, uterus, thyroid, adrenal cortex, kidneys
All tissues, bones, kidneys, intestines
Bones, kidneys, intestines
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 2 The Endocrine System Final Assessment Quiz
Question 1 What is the endocrine system?
A system that conveys messages to the brain
A network of cells that makes the body move
A network of glands and organs located throughout the body
Gonads that produce sex hormones
2. The ________________ is/are any substance that is produced by one tissue and carried by the bloodstream to another to affect physiological activity.
Glands
Hormones
Testes
cells
3. Which organ is not affected by the endocrine system?
Limbs
Brain
Stomach
Liver
4 Which parts or glands in the brain are not part of the endocrine system?
Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Pineal
Medulla oblongata
5. How does the nervous system coordinate actions and responses in our bodies?
It is a control system of ductless glands
It secretes hormones in the spine
It does not affect physiological activity
Affects all cells in the body
6. Select all endocrine controlled bodily functions
Body temperature
Growth and development
Blood pressure and heart rate
Blinking of the eyes
7. Which of the following is the function of the hypothalamus?
It produces one hormone
Links the endocrine to the circulatory system
Can jumpstart the brain
exerts neural control over the pituitary gland
8. The ________________ secretes the hormones that affect growth and reproduction.
Thymus
Parathyroid
Pituitary
Pineal
9. Which of the following organs are affected by the hormones produced by the gonads?
Bones
Skin
Muscles
Tissues
All of these
10. Which are the two glands covered under the adrenal gland?
Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Adrenal gonad and cortisol
Epinephrine and aldosterone
Testes and ovaries
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 3 Quiz
1Why is it important to use an antibiotic other than ampicillin in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia?
Because antibiotics such as ampicillin cause the cells lining blood vessels to endocytose bacteria and deposit them in cardiac muscle tissue.
Because antibiotics such as ampicillin destroy the cell walls of bacteria which cause a toxin to be released that will destroy cardiac muscle cells.
Because antibiotics such as ampicillin are not effective in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia.
Because antibiotics such as ampicillin destroy the cell walls of cardiac muscle cells.
2Which of the following pairs concerning action potentials in cardiac muscle is mismatched?
Opening of K + channels – rapid repolarization
Closure of Na + channels – early repolarization
Closing of Ca 2+ channels – plateau phase
Opening of Na + channels – depolarization
3An extended period of time between the P wave and the QRS complex may indicate which of the following?
The signal is taking too long to get to the AV node.
Ventricular contraction is faster than usual.
Ventricular contraction is taking longer than usual.
The signal is traveling too quickly to the AV node.
4The heart skeleton is fibrous connective tissue that acts as an electrical barrier between the atria and ventricles. If this structure was not functional, which of the following conditions might occur?
Blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium
Increase in pericadial fluid in the pericardial space
Spread of ectopic stimuli from the atria to the ventricles
Occlusion of the coronary arteries
Match the function with the most appropriate category.
Match the function with the most appropriate category in the drop down.
5Erythrocytes clumping together
Immune function
6Monocytes become macrophages
Immune function
7Determining antigens on RBCs
Blood Grouping
8Making a differential WBC count
Diagnostic Blood Test
Results for question 9.
9Process initiated by platelets
Coagulation
10A red blood cell that is flowing through the aorta would pass through __________ heart valves before reaching the right ventricle.
2
1
3
4
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 3 The Circulatory System Final Assessment Quiz
1. Which of these does not include the “formed elements” of the blood?
Erythrocytes
Plasma
Leukocytes
Platelets
2. When a RBC’s cell membrane ruptures, releasing its hemoglobin, this is called
Hemolysis
Hypoxia
Hemostasis
Hemophilia
3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of platelets?
Are cell fragments
Non-motile
No nucleus
Involved in hemostasis
4. When RBCs transport their hemoglobin to the lungs, the oxygen binds to?
The globin
The heme group
The iron molecule in the center
The cell membrane
5. Which of the following would contain deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary trunk
Aorta
Coronary arteries
Pulmonary vein
6. Which layer of the heart is actually responsible for doing the work of contraction?
Epicardium
Endocardium
Myocardium
Pericardium
7. This valve regulates the passage of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle:
Bicuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
Semilunar valve
8. How many HEART VALVES are there in our Heart?
3
5
4
6
9. Which of the following is true of systemic veins but not of arteries?
Carries blood away from the heart
Have thicker walls
Contain about 13% of the body’s total blood volume
Have a larger lumen
10. Which of these is a means of increasing venous return?
The respiratory pump
The pressure gradient
The skeletal muscle pump
All of the above
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 3 Label the Heart Diagram Quiz
Question 1Label #1
Heart1.jpg
Heart Valves
Left Ventricle
Right Atria
Atria
Question 2Label #2
Heart1-1.jpg
Left Ventricle
Right Atria
Atria
Heart Valves
Question 3 Label #3
Heart1-2.jpg
Heart Valves
Right Atria
Left Ventricle
Atria
Question 4Label #4
Heart1-3.jpg
Atria
Left Ventricle
Right Atria
Heart Valves
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 3 Circulatory System Activity 1 Quiz
1. Select the appropriate option.
A means of transport
Blood
A path to travel on
Blood Vessels
The driving force
Heart
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 4 The Respiratory System Final Assessment Quiz
Question 11. The trachea divided into two small tubes at the site of the lungs are called
Bronchi
Micro trachea
Lobes
Vessels
2. Which one of the followings is correct regarding larynx?
It prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea
It houses the vocal cords
It is an organ made of cartilage and connects the pharynx to the trachea
All are correct
3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
Regulate blood pH
Helps in gaseous exchange
Protection against blood loss
Contains receptors for the sense of smell
Question 4 Which activity takes place in the lungs?
Food is digested.
Oxygen is exchanged with carbon dioxide
Liquid waste is filtered from blood
Carry the message to different parts
Question 55. Which organ is made up of carrying tubes and tiny sacs?
The brain
The lungs
The kidney
The diaphragm
6. How many cartilages are present in the larynx?
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
7. Which structure prevents the collapse of the trachea?
Bones
Cartilage
Tendon
None of above
8. At which particular site of the lung does a gaseous exchange takes place?
Bronchi
Trachea
Type I cell
Alveoli
9. Identify the different organs acting as part of the lower respiratory system.
Nose, Bronchi
Trachea, Alveoli
Pharynx, Nose
Pharynx, Alveoli
10. The ventilation of the lung means
External respiration
Internal respiration
Breathing
Respiration
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 4 Respiratory Sequence Activity Quiz
Question 1 Identify the correct sequence of the parts of the respiratory system-
1st
Nostril
2nd
Pharynx
3rd
Larynx
4th
Trachea
5th
Bronchi
6th
Bronchioles
7th
Alveoli
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 4 Respiratory Organ Activity 1 Quiz
Question 1Label #1
Slide5.png
Lung
Diaphragm
Trachea
Bronchi
Question 2Label #2
Slide5-1.png
Trachea
Diaphragm
Bronchi
Lung
Question 3Label #3
Slide5-2.png
Bronchi
Trachea
Lung
Diaphragm
Question 4Label #4
Slide5-3.png
Lung
Diaphragm
Trachea
Bronchi
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 4 The Respiratory System Activity 1 Quiz
1 Breathing and respiration are the same.
True
False
2. The primary function of the respiratory system is the exchange of gases and the production of energy for various activities in the body.
True
False
Question 3 Lungs exist in pairs and the heart lies on the right side of the lung.
True
False
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 4 Quiz
1Surfactant facilitates alveolar ventilation by
decreasing the surface tension between water molecules on the lining of the alveoli.
increasing the surface tension between fluid and the alveoli.
attracting water to the alveolar surface.
decreasing thoracic compliance.
2Which of the following statements concerning the lungs and the pleura is true?
The pleural fluid assists in gas exchange.
The space between the visceral and parietal pleurae is called the mediastinum.
Each lung is suspended in a separate pleural cavity.
Parietal pleura covers the surface of each lung.
3Which of the following statements concerning the larynx is correct?
Unlike other portions of the larynx, the epiglottis consists of some bony tissue.
The larynx contains four unpaired cartilages.
The inferior laryngeal cartilage is the thyroid cartilage.
When the glottis closes, air is prevented from leaving the lungs.
4If a person develops high blood pressure, one of the compensatory mechanisms that comes into play is the fluid shift mechanism. This mechanism causes
increased filtration in the kidney, thereby increasing urine output.
water to shift from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces.
water to shift from inside cells into the extracellular fluid.
water to shift from the interstitial space into the capillaries.
5From largest to smallest, the correct sequence for the following passageways is
alveoli, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, bronchi.
bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli
bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli.
bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveoli.
See the process below.
6Match the process for #1 in the drop down.
Oxygen diffuses out of the arterial ends of tissue capillaries, and CO2 diffuses out of the tissue because of differences in partial pressures
7Match the process for #2 in the drop down.
As a result of diffusion at the venous ends of pulmonary capillaries, the PO2 in the blood is equal to the PO2 in the alveoli, and the PCO2 in the blood is equal to the PCO2 in the alveoli
8Match the process for #3 in the drop down.
The PO2 of blood in the pulmonary veins is less than in the pulmonary capillaries because of mixing with deoxygenated blood from veins draining the bronchi and bronchioles
Results for question 9.
9Match the process for #4 in the drop down.
Oxygen diffuses out of the arterial ends of tissue capillaries, and CO2 diffuses out of the tissue because of differences in partial pressures
10Match the process for #5 in the drop down.
As a result of diffusion at the venous ends of tissue capillaries, the PO2 in the blood is equal to the PO2 in the tissue, and PCO2 in the blood is equal to the PCO2 in the tissue
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 5 Quiz
1Lymph from which of the following area of the body will pass through the thoracic duct before entering the bloodstream?
Right ring finger
Right hip
Right shoulder
None of the choices are correct.
2A cell has engulfed a substance from the extracellular material and has migrated to a lymph node to interact with a helper T cell. Which of the following statements best describes this cell?
This is an antigen-presenting cell that interacts with the helper T cell through an MHC class II molecule.
This is a cytotoxic T cell that interacts with the helper T cell through an MHC class I molecule.
This is a cytotoxic T cell that interacts with the helper T cell through an MHC class II molecule.
This is an antigen-presenting cell that interacts with the helper T cell through an MHC class I molecule.
3Which of the following statements concerning immunity is correct?
All of the choices are correct.
Adaptive immunity demonstrates specificity, which means that lymphocytes only destroy viruses and ignore all other types of pathogens.
Adaptive immunity demonstrates memory, meaning each lymphocyte responds to a particular pathogen, but responds similarly with each infection.
Adaptive immunity responses to pathogens improves over time due to generation of memory, which includes an increase in the number of lymphocytes that respond faster than during the original infection.
4Which is the proper order of events in cell-mediated immunity?
(1) Cloning of cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells
(2) Antigen presented to T lymphocyte
(3) Activation of T lymphocytes
(4) Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells
1, 4, 2, 3
3, 2, 4, 1
2, 3, 4, 1
2, 3, 1, 4
See the image below.
5Match #1 with the process.
Some capillaries empty into the splenic cords. Blood percolates through the splenic cords and passes through the walls of the venous sinuses.
6Match #2 with the process.
A few capillaries directly connect to a venous sinus.
7Match #3 with the process.
Some capillaries empty into the splenic cords. Blood percolates through the splenic cords and passes through the walls of the venous sinuses.
8Match #4 with the process.
An arteriole enters a lymphatic nodule and divides.
Results for question 9.
9Match #5 with the process.
Branches from the trabecular arteries are surrounded by periarterial lymphatic sheaths.
10Match #6 with the process.
A few capillaries directly connect to a venous sinus.
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 6 The Digestive System Final Assessment Quiz
1. Where does most of the digestive process take place?
Small intestine
Large intestine
Stomach
All of the above
Question 2 The esophagus leads to the ________________.
Liver
Intestines
Pancreas
Stomach
Question 3. The following is the main energy source for the body-
Vitamin and carbohydrate
Vitamin and protein
Lipids and carbohydrate
Lipids and protein
Question 4 Name the small bag like pouch which lies in the liver.
Hepatic lobule
Parotid
Gall bladder
All of the above
Question 5 Find the group sharing similarity-
Liver, stomach, gall bladder
Liver, pancreases, parotid
Stomach, esophagus, parotid
Liver, pancrease, salivary gland
6. ________________ help the small intestine to increase the area of absorption of digested food.
Mucus
Intestinal wall
Villi
Cilia
7. This is the hormone produced by the pancreas which helps to regulate blood sugar level.
Glucose
Glycogen
Thyroxin
Insulin
8. The stomach is the site for the absorption of ________________.
Glucose and lipid
Alcohol and trypsin
Aspirin and trypsin
Alcohol and aspirin
9. Which chemical is released by the pancreas into the small intestine to neutralize the acid of the stomach?
Acetic acid
Carbonic acid
Bicarbonate
Lactic acid
10. Name the enzyme that helps to digest the fat in the small intestine.
Amylase
Trypsin
Both amylase and trypsin
Lipase
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 6 The Digestive System Activity 2 Quiz
1. The alimentary canal is composed of ________________ and ________________.
a chemical process
the mouth buccal / cavity
digestive organs
digestive glands
the small intestine
2. The breaking of food into simpler forms is by a mechanical process followed by a
small intestine
digestive organ
chemical process
digestive gland
mouth / buccal cavity
3. The digestion of food starts in the ________________ and completes in the ________________.
digestive organs
digestive glands
chemical process
small intestine
mouth / buccal cavity
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 6 The Digestive System Activity 1 Quiz
1. The breakdown of complex food into a simpler absorbable form is called ________________.
Digestion
Excretion
Respiration
Elimination
2. A simpler form of a protein is a/an ________________ .
Lymphocyte
Digestion
RBC
Amino Acid
3. The anterior opening of the alimentary canal is the ________________ and the posterior opening is the ________________.
Amino Acid , Digestion
Amino Acid , Mouth
Mouth , Anus
Anus, Digestion
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 6 Quiz
1Which of the following minerals is mismatched with its function?
Cobalt – erythrocyte production
Calcium – bone formation
Zinc – hemoglobin synthesis
Potassium – muscle and nerve function
2There is a need for glucose in the body. Which of the following reactions will yield glucose directly?
Glycolysis
Glycogenolysis
Beta oxidation
Deamination
3Which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function?
Salivary amylase – begins protein digestion
IgA – prevents infection
Mucin – lubricant
Bicarbonate – neutralizes acid
4Which of the following does NOT illustrate digestion?
Fat → fatty acids and glycerol
Protein → amino acids
CO 2 and H 2O → carbohydrates
Polysaccharides → disaccharides
5During periods of fasting, why is fat said to have a protein-sparing effect?
The body must have an adequate protein intake in order to absorb and metabolize fats.
The body oxidizes its spare protein before it depletes its fat reserves.
The body must have an adequate fat intake in order to absorb and metabolize proteins.
The body does not oxidize its proteins unless it has consumed its fat reserves first.
See the process below.
6Match A in the drop down.
ATP Production: The energy released ruing catabolism can be used to synthesize ATP.
7Match B in the drop down.
8Match C in the drop down.
Results for question 9.
9Match D in the drop down.
10George has to have his gallbladder removed. His friend told him he can no longer eat fats because he will no longer produce bile. Is this an accurate description of George’s future diet?
Yes; the gallbladder is the organ that produces bile.
No; bile is involved in protein digestion only.
No; the gallbladder only stores the bile that is produced by the liver.
Yes; bile must first be stored in the gallbladder before it is functional.
See the image below.
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 7 The Urinary System Final Assessment Quiz
Question 11. An organ or structure that is not a component of the urinary system is:
urethra
urinary bladder
ureter
adrenal gland
kidney
Question 2 The kidneys:
help regulate blood volume
help control blood pressure
help control PH
all of the above are correct
3. All of the following belong to the urinary system except the:
urethra
ureter
bladder
prostate
4. The urinary system is the principal system responsible for
the removal of carbon dioxide
water and electrolyte balance
excretion of toxic nitrogenous compounds
A and B
B and C
5. The structure that connects a kidney to the urinary bladder is the
ureter
urethra
renal pelvis
collecting duct
6. What portion of the nephron extends into the medulla?
nephron loop
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
papillary duct
7. The functional unit of the kidney is called a
glomerulus
nephron
corpuscle
calyx
8. Which of the following statements concerning the kidneys is false?
they are retroperitoneal
they each contain 8 to 15 renal pyramids
they each have a distinct renal cortex and renal medulla region
they are positioned between the third and fifth lumbar
9. Which of the following is the correct sequence in which urine flows through the kidney toward the urinary bladder?
renal pelvis, major calyx, minor calyx, papillary duct, ureter
papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
minor calyx, major calyx, papillary duct, renal pelvis, ureter
papillary duct, major calyx, minor calyx, ureter, renal pelvis
10. Which of the following statements concerning the ureters is false?
the mucosa of each ureter is composed of transitional epithelium
they are composed of three tunics
muscular peristaltic waves move urine through the ureters
they are located within the peritoneal cavity
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 7 The Urinary System Activity 2 Quiz
Question 1
Label #1.
slide7.JPG
Cortex
Medulla
Ureter
Adrenal Gland
Renal Vein
Renal Artery
Question 2
Label #2.
slide7-1.JPG
Renal Vein
Cortex
Ureter
Renal Artery
Adrenal Gland
Medulla
Question 3Label #3.
slide7-2.JPG
Renal Artery
Cortex
Renal Vein
Ureter
Medulla
Adrenal Gland
Question 4Label #4.
slide7-3.JPG
Cortex
Renal Vein
Medulla
Renal Artery
Ureter
Adrenal Gland
Question 5Label #5.
slide7-4.JPG
Ureter
Renal Artery
Adrenal Gland
Medulla
Cortex
Renal Vein
Question 6Label #6.
slide7-5.JPG
Adrenal Gland
Renal Vein
Cortex
Ureter
Medulla
Renal Artery
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 7 The Urinary System Activity 1 Quiz
1. The left kidney is located at about the T12 to L3 vertebrae.
True
False
2. Each kidney weighs about 125–175 g in females and 115–155 g in males
True
False
3. Right is upper due to slight displacement by the liver.
True
False
4. The renal hilum is the only entry site for structures servicing the kidneys.
True
False
5. The kidneys make urine by filtering wastes and extra water from blood.
True
False
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 7 Quiz
1If the H + concentration in the blood increases, bicarbonate ions act as buffers by
combining with Cl −.
releasing H + into the plasma.
dissociating into H+ and CO 3 −.
removing excess H + from the plasma.
2Which of the following is not a function of the carbonic acid/bicarbonate system?
Regulating pH changes of the blood during exercise.
Regulation of blood pH in coordination with the respiratory system.
Regulation of the pH of the intracellular environment.
Regulation of blood pH during elevated fat metabolism.
3 Urine is prevented from flowing back into the ureters from the bladder by __________.
the internal urethral sphincter
the ureteral sphincters
compression of the ureteral openings
the external urethral sphincter
4Once alkalosis has occurred, which of the following would you expect to happen?
A plasma pH less than 7.40
Increased respiratory rate
Increased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate ions
Retention of H + by the kidney
See the image below.
5Match A with the function in the drop down.
6Match B with the function in the drop down.
filters the blood
7Match C with the function in the drop down.
8Match D with the function in the drop down.
9Match E with the function in the drop down.
10Which of the following regulatory mechanisms would be stimulated as a result of the increased osmolality that results from a Na + level of 152 mEq/L?
An increased release of ADH
An increase in the secretion of aldosterone
An increase in renin production
Increased urine output
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 8 Quiz
1Which of the following is involved in stimulating milk letdown?
Increased progesterone levels
Increased estrogen levels
Secretion of a small amount of milk
Mechanical stimulation of the breasts that cause release of oxytocin
2Which of the following explains the neural mechanism of an erection?
It is a somaticreflex mediated predominantly by sympathetic nerve fibers.
It is anautonomic reflex mediated predominantly by sympathetic nerve fibers.
It is anautonomic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers.
It is a somaticreflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers.
3Arm and legs buds appear at about 28 days from
neural crestcells.
the coelom.
somitomeres.
apical ectodermalridges.
4Which of the following statements does not correctly contrast the female and male reproductive systems?
The male reproductive system produces gametes from puberty until death of the individual; the female reproductive system normally ceases gamete production during middle age.
The male reproductive system produces and stores gametes, whereas the female reproductive system only stores gametes.
The female reproductive system produces secretions to nourish the neonate; the male reproductive system does not.
All of the statements are correct.
5Which of the following is derived from endoderm?
Muscle
Epidermis of the skin
Brain
Mucosa of the digestive tract
6Which of the following major events of prenatal development happens first?
The body is covered with lanugo.
The central nervous system begins to form.
one calcification begins.
The eyes are fully open.
See the phases below.
7Match A in the drop down.
8Match B in the drop down.
9Match C in the drop down.
10Match D in the drop down.
11Match E in the drop down.
Anatomy and Physiology 2 ACE
Module 8 Final Exam Quiz
1As parturition nears, the levels of progesterone __________ and the levels of estrogen __________.
increase; increase
decrease; increase
decrease; decrease
increase; decrease
2Considering the following events in the nuclear receptor model, identify which of these events occurs in the nucleus.
(1) Hormone receptor complex binds to DNA.
(2) Messenger RNA directs synthesis of specific proteins.
(3) Hormone binds to receptors in the nucleus (sometimes in the cytoplasm).
(4) Messenger RNA synthesis is activated.
(5) Synthesized proteins produce the response of the cell.
1, 3, 4
3, 4, 5
1, 3, 5
1, 2, 3
3Oversecretion of aldosterone causes
decreased reabsorption of Na + by the kidney.
increased reabsorption of phosphate ions by the kidney.
decreased secretion of Ca 2+ by the kidney.
increased secretion of K + by the kidney.
4See the image below. Select the function.
Transports O2 and CO2.
Produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms; contributes to allergic reactions, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system.
Forms platelet plugs; releases chemicals necessary for blood clotting.
Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage, which phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris within tissues.
5The highest level of exercise that can be performed without causing a significant change in blood pH is called the __________.
Hering-Breuer reflex
anaerobic threshold
aerobic threshold
lactate tolerance level
6In glomerulonephritis, proteins, and white blood cells enter the filtrate resulting in
increased urine output.
increased secretion of Na +.
increased reabsorption of water.
increased reabsorption of Na +.
7Select the statement that best describes the pulmonary circulation.
System of blood vessels that carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart
Microscopic blood vessels that allow for the exchange of nutrients in the tissues
System of blood vessels that carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the right atrium of the heart
System of blood vessels that a carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body
8If 5 reproductive cells divide by meiosis, the total number of gametes produced in a male would be __________. The total number of gametes produced in a female would be __________.
20; 20
10; 5
20; 5
20; 10
Results for question 9.
9Which of the following veins is NOT involved in draining blood from the arm?
Median cubital vein
Brachial vein
Basilic vein
Cephalic vein
See the processes in the image below.
10Match 1 in the drop down.
11Match 2 in the drop down.
12Match 3 in the drop down.
13Match 4 in the drop down.
14Match 5 in the drop down.
15Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.
positive feedback
integration control
negative feedback
dynamic equilibrium
In the image below, the sodium chloride molecule breaks apart in water.
16Match A in the drop down.
17Match B in the drop down.
18Match C in the drop down.
Chloride ion
19Match D in the drop down.
Water molecule
20The entire process is called:
Dissociation
21In the process of tissue repair, which of the events listed below occurs last?
Granulation tissue develops.
A scab forms to seal the wound.
The wound fills with blood and a clot forms.
An inflammatory response occurs.
Match the appropriate body fluid percentage.
22Match A in the drop down.
23Match B in the drop down.
24Match C in the drop down.
25Match D in the drop down.
26Match E in the drop down.
27Match F in the drop down.
28See the image below. Select the function.
Produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms; contributes to allergic reactions, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system.
Transports O2 and CO2.
Forms platelet plugs; releases chemicals necessary for blood clotting.
Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage, which phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris within tissues.
See the image below.
29Match A in the drop down.
Hypothalamus
Results for question 30.
30Match B in the drop down.
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