What pulmonary defense mechanism propels a mucous blanket that entraps particles moving toward the oropharynx?
1. What pulmonary defense mechanism propels a mucous blanket that entraps particles moving toward the oropharynx?
a. Nasal turbinates
b. Alveolar macrophages
c. Cilia
d. Irritant receptors on the nares
2. Which term is used to identify the movement of gas and air into and out of the lungs?
a. Perfusion
b. Ventilation
c. Respiration
d. Diffusion
3. When an individual aspirates food particles, where would the healthcare professional expect to hear decreased or absent breath sounds?
a. Left lung
b. Right lung
c. Trachea
d. Carina
4. Air passage among alveoli is collateral and evenly distributed because of the function of which structures?
a. Type I alveolar cells
b. Pores of Kohn
c. Acinus pores
d. Alveolar pores
5. Where in the lung does gas exchange occur?
a. Trachea
b. Segmental bronchi
c. Alveolocapillary membrane
d. Main bronchus
6. Surfactant produced by type II alveolar cells facilitates alveolar distention and ventilation by which mechanism?
a. Decreasing thoracic compliance
b. Attracting water to the alveolar surface
c. Decreasing surface tension in the alveoli
d. Increasing surface tension in the alveoli
7. Which part of the brainstem provides basic automatic rhythm of respiration by sending efferent impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?
a. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
b. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
c. Pneumotaxic center
d. Apneustic center
8. Which structures secrete surfactant?
a. Type I alveolar cells
b. Type II alveolar cells
c. Alveolar macrophages
d. Stretch receptors
9. Which describes the pressure in the pleural space?
a. Atmospheric
b. Below atmospheric
c. Above atmospheric
d. Variable
10. A healthcare professional wants to determine the adequacy of a person’s alveolar ventilation. What assessment finding is most important for the professional to consider?
a. Respiratory rate of 12 breaths/min
b. Ventilatory pattern is regular and rhythmic.
c. Respiratory effort is strained with muscle involvement.
d. Arterial blood gas shows a PaCO2 of 44 mmHg.
11. Which normal physiologic change occurs in the aging pulmonary system?
a. Decreased flow resistance
b. Fewer alveoli
c. Stiffening of the chest wall
d. Improved elastic recoil
12. How is most of the oxygen in the blood transported?
a. Dissolved in plasma
b. Bound to hemoglobin
c. In the form of carbon dioxide (CO2)
d. Bound to protein
13. Stretch receptors and peripheral chemoreceptors send afferent impulses regarding ventilation to which location in the brain?
a. Pneumotaxic center in the pons
b. Apneustic center in the pons
c. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) in the medulla oblongata
d. Ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the medulla oblongata
14. If a patient develops acidosis, the nurse would expect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to react in which manner?
a. Shift to the right, causing more oxygen (O2) to be released to the cells
b. Shift to the left, allowing less O2 to be released to the cells
c. Show no change, allowing the O2 concentration to remain stable
d. Show dramatic fluctuation, allowing the O2 concentration to increase
15. The sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles are referred to as which group?
a. Diaphragmatic muscles
b. Muscles of expiration
c. Intercostal muscles
d. Accessory muscles of inspiration
16. A newborn has alveolar collapse, decreased lung expansion, increased work of breathing, and severe gas-exchange abnormalities and the student asks the healthcare professional for an explanation of what is happening. What response by the professional is best?
a. A decrease in lung compliance from the trauma of a long childbirth process
b. A traumatic pneumothorax from a prolonged and difficult labor
c. Damage done to the alveoli from exposure to supplemental oxygen at birth
d. Lack of surfactant leading to increased alveolar surface tension and fluid collection
17. The student asks the professor to explain what characteristic is demonstrated by lungs with decreased compliance?
a. Difficult deflation
b. Easy inflation
c. Stiffness
d. Inability to diffuse oxygen
18. The lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via which nerve?
a. Vagus
b. Phrenic
c. Brachial
d. Pectoral
19. What event is characteristic of the function in Zone 1 of the lung?
a. Blood flow through the pulmonary capillary bed increases in regular increments.
b. Alveolar pressure is lesser than venous and arterial pressures.
c. The capillary bed collapses, and normal blood flow ceases.
d. Blood flows through Zone 1, but it is impeded by alveolar pressure.
20. Hypoventilation that results in the retention of carbon dioxide will stimulate which receptors in an attempt to maintain a normal homeostatic state?
a. Irritant receptors
b. Central chemoreceptors
c. Peripheral chemoreceptors
d. Stretch receptors
21. What is the most important cause of pulmonary artery constriction?
a. Low alveolar partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)
b. Hyperventilation
c. Respiratory alkalosis
d. Epinephrine
22. A healthcare professional tells the student that a properly placed endotracheal tube for mechanical ventilation is 5 to 7 cm above the tracheal bifurcation. Where does this bifurcation occur?
a. Larynx
b. Bronchi
c. Carina
d. Nasopharynx
23. How low must the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) drop before the peripheral chemoreceptors influence ventilation?
a. Below 100 mmHg
b. Below 80 mmHg
c. Below 70 mmHg
d. Below 60 mmHg
24. Which receptors are located in the smooth muscles of airways?
a. Central chemoreceptors
b. Stretch receptors
c. Peripheral chemoreceptors
d. J-receptors
25. Which receptors are located near the respiratory center?
a. Peripheral chemoreceptors
b. Stretch receptors
c. Central chemoreceptors
d. J-receptors
26. Which receptors are located in the aortic bodies, aortic arch, and carotid bodies?
a. Central chemoreceptors
b. Stretch receptors
c. J-receptors
d. Peripheral chemoreceptors
27. A patient is having a spirometry measurement done and asks the healthcare professional to explain this test. What response by the professional is best?
a. To evaluate the cause of hypoxia
b. To measure the volume and flow rate during forced expiration
c. To measure the gas diffusion rate at the alveolocapillary membrane
d. To determine pH and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Which structures belong to the upper conduction airway? (Select all that apply.)
a. Oropharynx
b. Larynx
c. Nasopharynx
d. Trachea
e. Bronchi
2. What does the pathophysiology student learn about the respiratory process referred to as remodeling? (Select all that apply.)
a. Remodeling involves the vascular walls.
b. Scarring and thickening occurs during this process.
c. Remodeling results in a permanent change.
d. Pulmonary artery hypotension results.
e. Remodeling increases blood flow resistance.
3. A healthcare professional who works in a senior center knows about the effects of aging on the pulmonary system, which include which of these? (Select all that apply.)
a. Decreased chest wall compliance
b. Decreased lung recoil
c. Reduced ventilatory reserve
d. Decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)
e. Reduced respiratory rate
4. Which of these cause the airway epithelium to constrict? (Select all that apply.)
a. Histamines
b. Prostaglandins
c. Alveolar alkalosis
d. Alveolar acidosis
e. Serotonin
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