The principle that the mind and body exist as separate entities, each with different characteristics and governed by its own laws, is called:
Question 1The principle that the mind and body exist as separate entities, each with different characteristics and governed by its own laws, is called:
nativism.
contiguity.
dualism.
associationism.
Question 2The process by which changes in behavior arise as a result of experience and interaction in the world is known as:
learning.
sampling.
survival of the fittest.
natural selection.
Question 3Why was Charles Darwin’s view of natural selection controversial?
Nobody believed that traits could be inherited.
It suggested that there was not a major distinction between humans and other species.
Darwin had no data to back up his claims.
Darwin thought only physical traits could evolve, not behavioral traits.
Question 4According to Aristotle’s principle of frequency, the ideas of “chair” and “table” are linked because people see chairs and tables together:
at the same time.
in kitchens.
very often.
in the same place.
Question 5If one is driven to work by a friend each day, one will probably learn the route and be able to use it later on, even though there is no reward for using it. This is an example of:
classical conditioning.
generalization.
latent learning.
the law of effect.
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Quiz 2
Question 1Neurotransmitters are:
the part of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons.
types of neurons that connect other neurons together.
types of neurons that have pyramid-shaped cell bodies.
chemical substances that carry messages between neurons.
Question 2The idea that memories are stored across the brain as a whole is called the:
localization theory.
theory of equipotentiality.
phrenology theory.
engram theory.
Question 3Which field involves the study of patients with specific types of brain damage in order to learn about the relation between brain function and behavior?
neuropsychology
synaptic plasticity
neurophysiology
functional neuroimaging
Question 4After a neuron fires, there is a brief period during which it is unable to fire again. This is called the _____ period.
reuptake
postsynaptic
refractory
inactivation
Question 5The Bell–Magendie law:
proposes one nerve system for sensing and another for responding.
applies to the brainstem but not to the spinal cord.
applies to the central nervous system but not to the peripheral nervous system.
proposes that the brain is divided into two hemispheres.
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Quiz 3
Question 1Which statement demonstrates perceptual learning?
Professional wine tasters can easily distinguish between subtly different wines.
A phobic patient gets used to being around spiders during one therapy session, but is fearful again at the start of the next session.
People who live in a city have no trouble sleeping through all of the street noise.
A crying baby becomes increasingly more bothersome to her parents.
Question 2According to dual process theory, repeated exposure to a soft tone will lead to a:
stronger sensitization response than habituation response.
habituation response only.
sensitization response only.
stronger habituation response than sensitization response.
Question 3The hippocampus:
has not received much attention in learning and memory research.
lies just beneath the temporal lobe in primates.
is much larger in birds than in rodents.
is known to exist only in primates and rodents.
Question 4Rats that are exposed to circles and triangles for a month can learn to discriminate between these two shapes more quickly than rats not exposed to the shapes. This finding demonstrates:
sensitization.
learning specificity.
priming.
mere exposure learning.
Question 5An infant turns to look at a novel pattern. This is an example of:
latent learning.
an orienting response.
habituation.
sensitization.
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Quiz 4
Question 1Based on the information provided in the text, we can use the principles of extinguishing to help drug addicts extinguish their habit. This is often done by using small amounts of their drug during therapy, which allows the:
drug use to become a US.
addict to experience less withdrawal.
drug use to be part of the context.
addict to experience fewer cravings.
Question 2If someone blows a puff of air into one’s eyes, the person automatically blinks. In this example, the puff of air is a(n):
unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
conditioned response.
Question 3When the eyeblink reflex is conditioned using a tone, the puff of air is the:
unconditioned response.
conditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
unconditioned stimulus.
Question 4Latent inhibition is problematic for the Rescorla–Wagner model because the model predicts that there will be:
learning in the pre-exposure phase (phase 1).
learning in the training phase (phase 2).
no learning in the pre-exposure phase (phase 1).
no learning in the training phase (phase 2).
Question 5When researchers gave animals an injection of an inert placebo to pre-expose them to the contextual cues associated with drug use, they found that the animals:
formed an association between the context and drug use more slowly than normal.
formed an association between the context and drug use more quickly than normal.
formed an association between the context and drug use at the normal rate.
did not form an association between the context and drug use.
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Quiz 5
Question 1What part of the brain is responsible for making an individual feel bad for not being picked to play in a basketball game?
orbitofrontal cortex
insular cortex
dACC
frontal cortex
Question 2Suppose a child screams continuously until his parents buy him a new toy. The new toy would be _____ of the child’s behavior of screaming.
negative punishment
positive reinforcement
positive punishment
negative reinforcement
Question 3A professor takes a 15-minute break every time she grades three term papers. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio
variable-ratio
variable interval
fixed-interval
Question 4Which statement demonstrates the free-operant paradigm?
A rat in a Skinner box can press a bar at any time to receive food.
After reaching the end of a maze, a rat is put back inside its home cage.
After reaching the end of a maze, a rat is returned to the starting point by the experimenter.
When a cat escapes from a puzzle box, the experimenter puts the cat back in.
Question 5After working for $15 an hour, Miranda’s pay was cut to $10 an hour. She stopped working so hard, working much less than her coworkers, who had been earning $10 an hour all along. This is an example of:
negative contrast.
negative reinforcement.
negative punishment.
positive punishment.
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Quiz 6
Question 1An automatic sorting based on information from a large number of other people’s past behaviors is called:
distributed representations.
the generalization gradient.
stimulus sampling theory.
collaborative filtering.
Question 2Even though physical similarity is a frequent cause of generalization, _____ demonstrated that learning can be generalized if dissimilar stimuli have a history of co-occurring or predicting the same consequence.
stimulus generalization
acquired equivalence
negative patterning
similarity-based generalization
Question 3If a business owner continues for years to hire people who have Harvard degrees, never realizing that he would have done better if he had hired a brilliant summa cum laude from a local university who he didn’t bother to interview, what is the business owner exhibiting?
racism
discrimination
confirmation bias
stereotypes
Question 4The process of ignoring information that conflicts with a prior belief and focuses on information that is consistent with that belief is:
inductive inference.
discrimination.
confirmation bias.
categorization.
Question 5The discrete-component model and the distributed model differ in that only the:
discrete-component model includes an internal representation layer.
distributed model includes an internal representation layer.
discrete-component model includes input nodes.
distributed model includes input nodes.
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Quiz 7
Question 1The process whereby each time an old memory is recalled or reactivated may become vulnerable to modification is known as:
reconsolidation.
consolidation.
electroconvulsive shock.
false memory.
Question 2Providing highly detailed yet false memories is known as:
retrograde amnesia.
consolidation.
anterograde amnesia.
confabulation.
Question 3Proactive interference is when:
you remember a fact but attribute it to the wrong source.
old information disrupts new learning.
you remember something that never happened.
new information disrupts old learning.
Question 4The research on how quickly people forget after having learned something has shown that:
forgetting is slow during the first few days after learning and gradually increases over time.
forgetting is most rapid during the first few days after learning.
material is forgotten at a fairly constant rate.
forgetting is rapid during the first few days after learning, then slows down, and eventually increases again.
Question 5In a 1972 study, Bransford and Johnson read an abstract passage aloud to participants who then had to recall as much information as possible. Some participants were also told the topic of the passage before they heard the passage read. Which group remembered the MOST information?
people who were told the topic before hearing the passage
people who drew a picture while the passage was being read
people who were not told the topic of the passage
people who did not hear the passage but read it instead
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Quiz 8
Question 1After the events of Columbine, certain video games came under heavy criticism for their violent content, especially the use of guns. The perpetrators spent hours playing specific video games as “practice.” If the criticism is true and video games played a role, which learning ability would explain what the shooters were doing by playing the video game?
identical elements theory
transfer specificity
learning set formation
motor program
Question 2Research on talent and expertise suggests that:
the total amount of practice is an important variable in determining whether a person will become an expert.
practice alone determines who will become an expert.
it is easy to determine how much practice an individual will need in order to become an expert.
people need to be born with talent in order to become experts.
Question 3The restricted applicability of some learned skills to specific situations is known as:
implicit learning.
a motor program.
transfer specificity.
skill decay.
Question 4A participant watching a film on better running form creates memories that he later uses to improve his own running skills. This is known as:
cognitive skill.
power law of practice.
knowledge of skills.
observational learning.
Question 5People with Parkinson’s disease:
have trouble with mirror-reading tasks.
can be treated with deep brain stimulation.
usually begin experiencing symptoms in their twenties.
have abnormally high levels of dopamine.
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Quiz 9
Question 1Permanent or near-permanent storage of memory that lasts beyond a period of conscious attention is known as:
short-term memory.
long-term memory.
sensory memory.
cognitive control.
Question 2Which is a characteristic of someone with dysexecutive syndrome?
below-average intelligence scores
disrupted ability to remember facts and events
disrupted ability to think and plan
impaired language abilities
Question 3Brain imaging studies show that people with _____ copies of the COMT allele show _____ prefrontal cortex activity during a 2-back task.
one or two; lower
zero, one, or two; equal amounts of
zero; lower
one or two; higher
Question 4According to the findings of George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is about _____ items.
four
three
ten
seven
Question 5When one consciously tries to remember a fact or event for later retrieval, one is storing the information:
iconically.
incidentally.
intentionally.
executively.
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Quiz 10
Question 1Depressed people are more likely to recall unpleasant memories than pleasant memories. This is an example of:
flashbulb memory.
avoidance learning.
learned helplessness.
mood congruency of memory.
Question 2When researchers exposed dogs to an inescapable shock and then put the dogs in a situation in which they could escape the shock, the dogs:
quickly learned to escape the shock.
learned to escape the shock if it was extremely painful.
did not learn to escape the shock.
learned to escape the shock if a warning tone was first presented.
Question 3Physiological responses that correlate with the emotion of fear:
prove the existence of emotions in nonhuman animals.
are present in humans but not in nonhuman animals.
are very different in humans than in nonhuman animals.
are consistent with the existence of emotions in nonhuman animals.
Question 4Which statement is an example of an overt behavior caused by an emotion?
Nancy is very sad when she misses her boyfriend.
Uma feels her heart rate increase right before she gives a presentation at work.
Derrick screams loudly when his brother startles him.
Greg is elated when his soccer team wins the playoffs.
Question 5One difference between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and phobias is that:
with PTSD, the fear is triggered by a specific stimulus, whereas with phobias the fear is triggered by a wide variety of stimuli.
PTSD, but not phobias, can be explained by classical conditioning.
with phobias, the fear is triggered by a specific stimulus, whereas with PTSD the fear is triggered by a wide variety of stimuli.
phobias, but not PTSD, can be explained by classical conditioning.
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Quiz 11
Question 1The areas of the brain that become active during both the observation and performance of actions are located in what region of the brain in both humans and monkeys?
lower regions
lateral region
cortical regions
occipital lobe
Question 2The process in which an observer learns something new through experiences with others is called:
stimulus enhancement.
emotional contagion.
social transmission of information.
observational conditioning.
Question 3The foundation of language and speech acquisition is:
intelligence.
operant conditioning.
social learning.
classical conditioning.
Question 4The inborn tendency to react emotionally to visual or acoustic stimuli that indicate an emotional response in other members of one’s species is called:
imitation.
stimulus enhancement.
observational conditioning.
emotional contagion.
Question 5The findings about patients with frontal-lobe damage who exhibit deficits in the ability to imitate suggest that the frontal lobes:
are important for matching a sound produced by someone else to the memory of that sound.
are important for visually matching an observed action to the memory of that action.
play a role in inhibiting imitation.
play a role in enhancing imitation.
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Quiz 12
Question 1Research has demonstrated that humans:
begin showing habituation to sounds at about 2 months of age.
show evidence of working memory abilities before they are born.
do not demonstrate operant conditioning until they are about 1 year old.
can demonstrate learning of basic sounds and language before they are born.
Question 2Down syndrome is:
much more likely in children born to younger fathers.
much less likely in children born to older mothers.
much more likely in children born to older mothers.
usually due to a genetic accident occurring in the father.
Question 3A tiny protrusion on a dendrite where a synapse may form is known as a:
myelin sheath.
neurotransmitter.
neuron.
spine.
Question 4Individuals with Down syndrome:
have a larger-than-normal hippocampus at 3 months of age.
show normal episodic memory as children.
have a smaller-than-normal cerebellum in adolescence.
have visibly smaller brains at birth.
Question 5Mutations on which genes seem to be associated with early-onset Alzheimer’s?
APP, PS1, and PS2
APP, PS2, and APOE
CLU, PICALM, and APOE
CLU, PICALM, and CR1
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Essay Test
Question 1 (a) Define the term and then (b) create a real-world example that illustrates the psychological concept: Behaviorism
Question 2(a) Define the term and then (b) create a real-world example that illustrates the psychological concept: Plasticity
Question 3(a) Define the term and then (b) create a real-world example that illustrates the psychological concept: Orienting Response
Question 4(a) Define the term and then (b) create a real-world example that illustrates the psychological concept: Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Question 5(a) Define the term and then (b) create a real-world example that illustrates the psychological concept: Drive-Reduction Theory
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Final Exam
Question 1In Ebbinghaus’s studies of memory, what was the dependent variable?
pretesting practice time
list length
memory retention
delay between learning and relearning
Question 2John Watson’s studies of rats running through mazes demonstrated that rats had learned to use their _____ to navigate.
whiskers
vision and hearing
sense of smell
automatic set of motor habits
Question 3In Watson’s studies, what was found to impair rats’ ability to navigate through mazes they had previously learned?
blinding the rats
removing the rats’ whiskers
rotating the maze
eliminating all odors in the maze
Question 4How did Estes differ from Hull and other learning theorists at that time?
Estes viewed learning as the development of associations between a stimulus and a response.
Estes’s methods were not precise enough.
Estes believed random variation is essential for learning.
Estes’s ideas marked the ending of mathematical models in psychology.
Question 5Inactivation and reuptake are mechanisms for:
increasing the amount of neurotransmitter that is released.
clearing neurotransmitters from the synapse.
inhibiting neurons from responding.
removing dead neurons from the brain.
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Discussion 1
Chapter 1 discusses the issue of Nature versus Nurture (page 9). Aristotle believed knowledge was attained through experience while René Descartes believed that much of what we know is innate. Along the lines of Aristotle, John Locke argued that all knowledge is derived from experience because we arrive in the world as a blank slate (tabula rosa). The behavioral psychology movement developed from John Watson’s and B.F. Skinner’s emphasis on learning through reinforcement.
This Discussion is meant to reflect your personal ideas, not textbook language or theories. These questions are meant to stimulate your thinking about learning.
Since this Discussion is viewable by others, do not share thoughts that you would not want others to know. Please focus on the issue, not on the individual who is expressing their opinions. Any hostile or negative comments directed toward another student will significantly lower your score on the discussion.
For Discussion #1, post one Thread in which you answer all of the following questions. You are expected to write full paragraphs and give specific examples as part of your answers. A short 2-3 sentence answer is NOT sufficient to earn full credit.
Then pick at least 3-4 or more Threads to Reply to in a meaningful way. Write 3-4 sentences or more in each Reply explaining your thoughts. (Note: This does not mean that you must Reply to 3-4 different students. You may Reply to several different Threads from the same student.)
Be sure to post Threads on several different days. Points will be deducted if you wait until the last two days to post your threads or post threads on only one day.
(1) Our physical bodies are important in our development. In what ways have your physical abilities/inabilities affected your learning?
(2) In what ways have your parents’ abilities/inabilities affected your learning?
(3) What skills have you developed based upon your childhood environment?
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Discussion 2
Chapter 5 focuses on operant conditioning and introduces the term Behavioral Economics. “Behavioral economics is the study of how organisms allocate their time and resources among possible options.” (page 199) “The particular allocation of resources that provides maximal subjective value to an individual is called the bliss point.” (page 199)
The textbook uses the following example: “A college student has to divide her allotted studying time among different classes according to how that studying is likely to pay off best, and she has to divide her total time among studying, sleeping, eating, socializing, and so forth.” (page 199)
This Discussion is meant to reflect your personal ideas, not textbook language or theories. These questions are meant to stimulate your thinking about learning.
Since this Discussion is viewable by others, do not share thoughts that you would not want others to know. Please focus on the issue, not on the individual who is expressing their opinions. Any hostile or negative comments directed toward another student will significantly lower your score on the discussion.
For Discussion #2, post one Thread in which you answer all of the following questions. You are expected to write full paragraphs and give specific examples as part of your answers. A short 2-3 sentence answer is NOT sufficient to earn full credit.
Then pick at least 3-4 or more Threads to Reply to in a meaningful way. Write 3-4 sentences or more in each Reply explaining your thoughts. (Note: This does not mean that you must Reply to 3-4 different students. You may Reply to several different Threads from the same student.)
Be sure to post Threads on several different days. Points will be deducted if you wait until the last two days to post your threads or post threads on only one day.
(1) How do you balance your time between classes and personal needs?
(2) How has the Coronavirus pandemic changed your patterns of behavior?
(3) If life were ideal, describe what your “bliss point” would be.
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Discussion 3
Chapter 6 discusses generalization, discrimination learning and concept formation. Several pages focus on stereotypes.
“When our behavior toward another person is based on that person’s membership in a category defined by race, ethnicity, national origin, gender, religion, age, or some other identifying feature, we are implicitly making a generalization on the basis of a stereotype, a set of beliefs about the attributes of the members of a group.” (page 252)
“Although some of our stereotypes are based on personal encounters with members of another group, many stereotypes are socially communicated through our parents, friends and secondhand reports in books, movies, TV, and the Internet, all of which vary greatly in their accuracy.” (page 252)
The directions for this Discussion are the same as for previous Discussions.
(1) Can you identify stereotypes that you have learned through your parents or friends? Please describe the stereotypes and how you learned them.
(2) Can you identify stereotypes that you have learned through books, movies, TV, social media or the Internet? Please describe the stereotypes and how you learned them.
(3) Have you felt that you have been stereotyped on a basis other than race? Please describe the stereotype and how it affects you.
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Discussion 4
Chapter 7 describes Episodic Memory as “…a memory for a specific event in your life…An episodic memory includes information about the spatial and temporal context in which it was formed—that is, where and when the event occurred.” (page 278)
We all differ in what we remember from our past. Some memories are of public events, and while many people may recall the same event, each may have a slightly different memory of it. Other memories are highly personal in nature and no one else is likely to share in that memory.
The directions for this Discussion are the same as for previous Discussions.
(1) Describe a vivid memory of a national or international public event that would have made headlines in our country. Why do you have a vivid memory of this event?
(2) Describe an early childhood memory. What age were you in this memory? Do you believe that it is an accurate memory?
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Discussion 5
Chapter 10 focuses on Emotional Influences on Learning and Memory. The text defines a Conditioned Emotional Response as “A classically conditioned response (CR) such as physiological arousal, that is produced in response to a CS that has been paired with an emotion-evoking US.” (Page 429)
The directions for this Discussion are the same as for previous Discussions.
(1) What are some of the stimuli that trigger positive emotional responses in you? Give examples.
(2) What are some of the stimuli that trigger negative emotional responses in you? Give examples.
(3) Do you have an aversion to any specific foods or tastes? If so, why do you think you do not like these foods or tastes.
PSYC320 Theories of Learning
Discussion 6
Thank you for your participation in this course. Please offer your comments and suggestions about this course.
(1) Why did you take this intensive online course? Would you take another intensive course now that you have had this experience?
(2) How did you react to the Discussions?
(3) How did you react to the Quizzes?
(4) How did you react to the Essay Test?
(5) Did you view the short videos listed in the Modules? If so, would you recommend that they be used in future courses?
(6) What would you change about this course?
All students who participate in this Discussion will receive 100% on this discussion. You are not required to post more than one thread but, of course,
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