In Ebbinghaus’s studies of memory, what was the dependent variable?
Question 1In Ebbinghaus’s studies of memory, what was the dependent variable?
pretesting practice time
list length
memory retention
delay between learning and relearning
Question 2John Watson’s studies of rats running through mazes demonstrated that rats had learned to use their _____ to navigate.
whiskers
vision and hearing
sense of smell
automatic set of motor habits
Question 3In Watson’s studies, what was found to impair rats’ ability to navigate through mazes they had previously learned?
blinding the rats
removing the rats’ whiskers
rotating the maze
eliminating all odors in the maze
Question 4How did Estes differ from Hull and other learning theorists at that time?
Estes viewed learning as the development of associations between a stimulus and a response.
Estes’s methods were not precise enough.
Estes believed random variation is essential for learning.
Estes’s ideas marked the ending of mathematical models in psychology.
Question 5Inactivation and reuptake are mechanisms for:
increasing the amount of neurotransmitter that is released.
clearing neurotransmitters from the synapse.
inhibiting neurons from responding.
removing dead neurons from the brain.
Question 6The LARGEST structure of the human brain is the:
cerebellum.
cerebral cortex.
temporal lobe.
frontal lobe.
Question 7Highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM) is the ability to recall:
nonemotional events but not emotional events.
general facts but not personal memories.
things photographically.
specific details of almost any day of one’s life.
Question 8Long-term potentiation has been shown to occur:
only when the presynaptic neuron is stimulated.
in all brain areas, except for the hippocampus.
in the hippocampus, but not in other brain areas.
when the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are active at the same time.
Question 9After the first several weeks of his pet grooming business, Julio is able to distinguish the various customers’ pets. This is an example of:
perceptual learning.
priming.
habituation.
sensitization.
Question 10The hippocampus:
is known to exist only in primates and rodents.
has not received much attention in learning and memory research.
is much larger in birds than in rodents.
lies just beneath the temporal lobe in primates.
Question 11Which stimulus would produce the quickest and longest-lasting habituation (assuming all stimuli are habituated to)?
a beeping sound that repeats itself every 10 seconds
a light that blinks on and off every second
a tapping sound that repeats every 3 seconds
the constant hum of an air-conditioner
Question 12Neophobia refers to:
novel object recognition.
the fear of repetition.
the act of actively avoiding a novel object.
the fear of experimentation.
Question 13A child who is exposed to a foreign language may have an easier time learning that language later on in life. This is an example of:
dishabituation.
mere exposure learning.
habituation.
learning specificity.
Question 14If an airpuff US is delivered to an untrained rabbit, what happens in the cerebellum?
There is activity in the interpositus nucleus, and there is a UR to the airpuff.
There is no activity in the interpositus nucleus, but there is a UR to the airpuff.
There is no activity in the interpositus nucleus and no UR to the airpuff.
There is activity in the interpositus nucleus, but there is no UR to the airpuff.
Question 15In order to get Pavlov’s dog to experience extinction, one would:
present the food repeatedly without playing the tone.
play the tone more loudly on each trial.
play the tone repeatedly without any food.
give the dog a little extra food on each trial.
Question 16When a more salient cue within a compound acquires more of the share of the attention and learning than the less salient cue, it is known as:
compound conditioning
blocking.
classical conditioning.
overshadowing.
Question 17The unconditioned response occurs:
in response to a neutral stimulus.
with training or conditioning.
without any training or conditioning.
after repeated pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
Question 18In what way does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning can be used to train animals to make responses they would not normally make; operant conditioning cannot be used to do this.
In classical conditioning, learning is fastest during the early trials, while in operant conditioning, learning is fastest during the later trials.
Extinction occurs in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning.
In classical conditioning, the consequence arrives regardless of the animal’s behavior, while in operant conditioning, it only arrives once the animal has made a response.
Question 19In a _____, secondary reinforcers are earned and can be exchanged for items of value, similar to how money works in the outside world.
honor system
token economy
shaping paradigm
primary system
Question 20_____ is the progressive reduction of the subjective value of a reward the longer it is delayed.
Self-control
Response delaying
Delay discounting
Preference response
Question 21Suppose a man has his driver’s license revoked due to driving drunk. The taking away of his license would be _____ of the man’s behavior of driving drunk.
negative punishment
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
Question 22A training procedure in which difficult discrimination is learned by starting with an easy version of the task and proceeding to incrementally harder versions as the easier ones are mastered is referred to as _____ learning.
discrimination
errorless discrimination
integral
consequential
Question 23Damage to the basal forebrain can cause what type of disorder?
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
dissociative fugue
cortical remapping
Question 24Sleep experts routinely advise good sleep hygiene that consists primarily of:
soothing auditory stimulation.
limiting one’s bedroom stimulus.
promoting wakeful behavior.
reading a book to promote relaxation.
Question 25Studies of learning and generalization show that _____ in training can improve generalization in those who have _____ initial knowledge and skill.
more variability; no
less variability; high levels of
more variability; limited
more variability; high levels of
Question 26In a 1972 study, Bransford and Johnson read an abstract passage aloud to participants who then had to recall as much information as possible. Some participants were also told the topic of the passage before they heard the passage read. The results of this study demonstrated that memory is better when the information:
is presented as a verbal description rather than as a picture.
can be interpreted in the context of things one already knows.
is presented as a picture rather than as a verbal description.
is presented multiple times.
Question 27When the BBC played an announcement 25 times a day for several weeks, listeners’ memories for the announcement _____, demonstrating that mere exposure to information _____.
improved; improves memory
improved; does not improve memory
did not improve; improves memory
did not improve; does not improve memory
Question 28Errors in feelings of knowing (FOK) and judgments of learning (JOL) are typically a result of:
overconfidence.
learning disabilities.
brain damage.
physical deformities.
Question 29Suppose Frieda meets two new people at a party. She has trouble remembering the name of the first person she met because the name of the second person keeps coming to her mind instead. This is an example of:
source amnesia.
retroactive interference.
false memory.
proactive interference.
Question 30Remembering an event that never actually happened is known as:
source amnesia.
interference.
anterograde amnesia.
false memory.
Question 31A procedure that delivers an electrical current into a patient’s brain through one or more implanted electrodes is known as:
electroconvulsive therapy.
transcranial therapy.
deep brain stimulation.
perceptual-motor therapy.
Question 32It is difficult to study the forgetting of perceptual-motor skills because:
it is difficult to distinguish forgetting of the skill from impairment in motor control.
once a skill is learned, it is never forgotten.
if a person cannot perform a skill, it usually means she has forgotten it.
without practice, the ability to perform a skill tends to deteriorate.
Question 33A sequence of movements that an organism can perform virtually automatically is known as motor programs or:
motor skills.
practice.
habits.
expertise.
Question 34If Julia wants to learn two very simple perceptual-motor skills MOST effectively, she should practice:
them on separate days.
both skills on the first day, then practice only the second skill on the second day.
one skill on the first day, then review that same skill on the second day before practicing the other skill.
both on the same day and then get a good night’s sleep.
Question 35Functional imaging studies have shown that the _____ ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is activated during tasks that involve semantic processing, while the _____ ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is activated during tasks that involve phonological processing.
left anterior; right posterior
left anterior; left posterior
left posterior; left anterior
right posterior; left anterior
Question 36In Brooks’s task involving visualizing a block letter F, the participants who performed the worst were those who responded by:
pointing to “yes” or “no” on a screen.
tapping their “yes” or “no” response with their fingers.
saying “yes” or “no” silently to themselves.
saying “yes” or “no” out loud.
Question 37Which memory system stores brief sensations of what one has just perceived?
short-term
haptic
long-term
sensory
Question 38During working-memory tasks, patients with schizophrenia seem to:
recruit the ventrolateral PFC to compensate for a dysfunctional dorsolateral PFC.
use the ventrolateral PFC less than normal.
use all parts of the PFC less than normal.
recruit the dorsolateral PFC to compensate for a dysfunctional ventrolateral PFC.
Question 39Based on the two-factor theory of emotion, if you want your date to become very attracted to you, you should:
have a quiet dinner together.
take your date on an exhilarating roller coaster ride.
do something low key at the start of the date.
discuss topics that are not likely to be very emotional for your date.
Question 40Physiological responses that correlate with the emotion of fear:
are very different in humans than in nonhuman animals.
are present in humans but not in nonhuman animals.
prove the existence of emotions in nonhuman animals.
are consistent with the existence of emotions in nonhuman animals.
Question 41When compared with conditioned responses that do not involve emotion, conditioned emotional responses:
take more time to learn.
are harder to extinguish.
require more pairings to learn.
are harder to reinstate after extinction has occurred.
Question 42The idea that stimuli simultaneously and independently evoke both emotions and arousal, with neither causing the other, is known as:
the James–Lange theory.
the Cannon–Bard theory.
a somatic theory of emotion.
the two-factor theory.
Question 43What do commercials promote by portraying attractive people having fun drinking a particular brand of beer?
social learning
social conformity
behavior processes
observational learning
Question 44In the basic process to explain how people copy what they see, which step takes into consideration the actions of others as salient cues that act as a magnet for attention?
presence of a model
motivation for reproducing
ability to reproduce the action
accessible format
Question 45_____ is the act of doing what one observes another organism doing.
Perspective taking
Assimilation
Copying
Simulation
Question 46Perspective taking is an ability that:
is possessed by few species other than humans.
occurs only for relatively complex behaviors.
requires visual feedback.
occurs in most mammals and birds.
Question 47The principal class of sex hormones present in adult males is known as:
testosterone.
estrogen.
androgen.
hemoglobin.
Question 48Down syndrome is caused by a condition in which an embryo inherits three (rather than two) copies of chromosome:
21.
20.
24.
23.
Question 49Regarding learning a second language:
you will learn equally quickly at any age but will not learn the correct accent if you learn as an adult.
it doesn’t matter when you start.
you will learn more slowly if you learn as an adult than as a child.
you will be able to approximate native accents more closely if you learn as a child than as an adult.
Question 50The principal class of sex hormones present in adult females is known as:
estrogen.
testosterone.
androgen.
hemoglobin.
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