The Risks of Collecting Data on Human Populations: Privacy, Security, and Ethics in Population Health Informatics
The Risks of Collecting Data on Human Populations: Privacy, Security, and Ethics in Population Health Informatics
Identity theft is responsible for the loss of billions of dollars every year (Siciliano, 2017). Most people are familiar with overt types of identity theft, such as financial, criminal, and Social Security. In the healthcare field, medical identity theft occurs when someone uses identifying information such as insurance information to obtain healthcare goods and services (World Privacy Forum, n.d.). These types of privacy and security breaches are typically premeditated and conducted with criminal intent. In healthcare organizations, however, the very same technology that provides so many benefits in terms of information sharing and storage of data can pose high privacy, security, and ethical risks to healthcare professionals with even the best of intentions. This is why it is so important to be familiar with risks in these areas as well as strategies to prevent breaches of sensitive health information. One such strategy is to follow ethical principles as outlined by such organizations as the National Institutes of Health and understand when and how violations have occurred. Another way to take a proactive stance to protecting sensitive data is to practice Privacy by Design, or Pb.D.
References:
Stroup, J. (2017). The many types of identity theft. Retrieved from https://www.thebalance.com/the-8-types-of-identity-theft-1947176
World Privacy Forum. (n.d.). Medical identity theft. Retrieved from https://www.worldprivacyforum.org/category/med-id-theft/
For this Discussion:
To Prepare:
Read the Resources for this week, focusing on the Guiding Principles for Ethical Research (NIH, 2016) and Chapter 13 of the textbook (Joshi et al., pp. 335–360, especially pp. 338–339).
Watch the media, Protecting Patient Data, Parts I & 2 (Laureate Education, 2012) Consider the differences between the two in terms of how individuals handled the ethics of the situation. Also view Privacy, Security, and Ethics (Laureate Education, 2018) and consider common issues health professionals face in the field. Consider how such factors as sensitivity and volume of data might cause privacy, security, and ethical issues.
Next, reflect on the case study titled The Privacy, Security, and Ethical Risks of Collecting Data on Populations: Case Study. Consider the similarities and differences between the three scenarios.
What were some of the motivations behind the stakeholders’ actions?
What were some of the constraints related to obtaining data for the research?
Consider the privacy standards in informatics systems as they relate to the need for aggregate data to conduct effective population health studies.
Post by Day 3
An explanation of which of the seven guiding principles for ethical research as outlined by the NIH have been violated in this scenario. Be specific and provide examples.Using the Pb.D. framework principles outlined in your course text (Joshi et al., 2019, pp. 338–339), propose two ethical strategies that Dr. Marks could have employed to achieve his goals of obtaining pilot data and ensuring the privacy and security of health system patients. Be specific and provide examples.
MMHA6520 Health Informatics and Population Health Analytics
Week 4 Discussion
How Do Health Informatics Provide Economic Value?
Health informatics systems have been proven to provide many benefits to stakeholders and organizations involved in population healthcare. The costs involved in their operation can be quite high, however, so their economic value must often be proven so that organizations know they are going to achieve a return on investment (ROI). Health informatics solutions must demonstrate economic value to stakeholders in order to be sustainable.
In this Discussion, you investigate a health delivery system in which informatics solutions added economic value related to a specific population health challenge. You may focus on the provider and/or payer aspects of the health delivery system.
To Prepare:
Review the Resources for this week.
Reflect on the concept of value and how it might be interpreted differently by different stakeholders.
Reflect on differences in technologies.
Reflect on how different technologies affect cost and economic value of health informatics solutions.
By Day 3
Post an example of the economic value of health informatics. Be specific, using an example in which health informatics were used to provide economic value to a healthcare delivery system that addressed a population health issue. Then, explain how effectively this economic value was communicated to stakeholders for improving practice.
Share another example related to the one your colleague posted and compare communication strategies and their effectiveness.
Suggest another way health informatics could be used to provide economic value to your colleague’s cited population health issue.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two colleagues. Respond in one or more of the following ways:
Share another example related to the one your colleague posted and compare communication strategies and their effectiveness.
Suggest another way health informatics could be used to provide economic value to your colleague’s cited population health issue.
MMHA6520 Health Informatics and Population Health Analytics
Week 5 Discussion
Health Informatics, Prevention, and Wellness
In addition to strategies to improve outcomes for individuals with chronic diseases and illnesses, population health informatics may also be used to contribute to prevention of disease. To best target health informatics efforts, it is important to first define the scope of a population. Why is this so necessary? Factors such as age, cultural background, gender, geographic characteristics, and others can greatly influence the types of prevention and wellness efforts needed and how they will be received.
In this Discussion, you examine a population health problem in the context of prevention and wellness and the implications of levels of prevention. You will research a health and wellness topic that interests you professionally or personally.
To Prepare:
Review the Resources, including the media Prevention and Wellness (Laureate Education, 2018b). Select an example of an existing population health problem related to prevention and wellness.
Conduct your own research and select 2 or 3 peer-reviewed articles related to this population health problem.
As you read the articles, consider implications of different levels of prevention to the problem: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Use the provided data sources, weekly readings, and research to support your Discussion.
Post by Day 3
A description of the population and health problem related to prevention and wellness that you selected. Include in your description an explanation of the scope of the population (e.g., geographic, demographic) and other specifics about the population.
An explanation of the implications (e.g., economical/financial, societal, and cultural) of prevention and wellness to your population. Be specific and provide examples related to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
Respond by Day 5
Suggest another implication of a level of prevention to the health problem.
Suggest another population with a similar problem that might benefit from prevention and wellness strategies.
MMHA6520 Health Informatics and Population Health Analytics
Week 6 Discussion
Health Informatics and Disease Management and Chronic Care
Diseases and chronic conditions come with many costs that cannot all be measured in dollars: physical, emotional, psychological, and more. Yet, for the individuals who have these diseases and conditions as well as their communities, states, and even countries at large, the actual costs of certain chronic conditions and diseases tend to mount, and can drastically reduce savings and coffers. Once individuals get to the point where they can no longer pay for their own care, it often falls to governments and other entities to make up the difference.
Governments and private organizations of all types, then, have a stake in managing the health of populations in order to reduce costs and improve measurable outcomes to these populations. Informatics tools are critical to identifying these populations and providing interventions in many cases. Health informatics tools are also critical to support the ongoing data analysis that occurs when health and demographic data are continuously collected on populations. Similar to the goals of prevention and wellness, it is important to consider the three levels of prevention—primary, secondary, and tertiary—in developing population health informatics strategies related to disease management and chronic care.
For this Discussion, you select a chronic care or disease management challenge. You will use provided data sources in order to describe the scope of the population as well as other relevant aspects. Then, you explain the implications of this challenge to your selected population. Finally, you propose a specific population health informatics strategy that might improve the disease management and chronic health problem and justify why.
To Prepare:
Select an example of an existing population health problem related to disease management and chronic care.
Conduct your own research and select 2 or 3 peer-reviewed articles related to this population health problem.
As you read the articles, consider implications of different levels of prevention to the problem: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Use the provided data sources, weekly readings, and research to support your Discussion.
By Day 3
Post using provided data sources and readings along with 2 or 3 peer-reviewed articles that you find in the library:
A description of the population and health challenges related to disease management or chronic care that you selected. Include in your description an explanation of the scope of the population (e.g., geographic, demographic) and other specifics about the population.
An explanation of the implications (e.g., economical/financial, societal, cultural) of disease management and chronic care to your population. Be specific and provide examples related to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention if possible.
Finally, propose one specific example of the kinds of systems and data that can be used to improve the disease management or chronic healthcare problem you selected for your population and justify why.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two colleagues.
Propose another specific example of the kinds of systems and data that can be used to improve the disease management or chronic healthcare problem your colleague selected for their population.
MMHA6520 Health Informatics and Population Health Analytics
Week 7 Discussion
Health Informatics and Environmental Issues
For the purposes of this course, the term environmental refers to a broad set of factors that intermingle with the health of populations. Some environmental issues such as unsafe drinking water supplies or issues with sewage or air quality make local and national headlines. The health and wellbeing of populations may be improved by proper nutrition; clean air; clean drinking water; and clean, disease-free housing. These are all factors that affect the health of many different populations.
More insidious factors affect the overall health and wellbeing of populations in both developed and developing countries, as well. For example, as discussed by Ahangari, Atkinson, & Garrick (n.d.), factors such as the degree to which individuals and entire communities are dependent upon automobile transportation for daily functions serves as one of the primary barriers to reaching a zero-fatality safety vision in the design and use of roadways. Therefore, when considering the health of populations, we must also think of infrastructure of all types within the communities in which we live and work, not just water, air, and food.
Reference
Ahangari, H., Atkinson-Palombo, C., & Garrick, N. W. (2017). Automobile-dependency as a barrier to vision zero, evidence from the states in the USA. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 107, 77–85.
For this Discussion,
To Prepare:
Review the data sources provided this week related to selected environmental health topics.
Conduct library reviews on those topics.
Select two or three peer-reviewed articles that you find of interest related to these environmental health topics. Keep in mind that the data sources reflect very broad topics such as children and lead poisoning and environmental air quality. Choose peer-reviewed articles that you feel affect the health of selected populations and can be addressed by the use of informatics solutions. Are there certain systems, databases, or technology or communication tools that could be effective in managing the environmental issues and how they affect an identified population?
By Day 3
Using the provided data sources and readings along with two or three peer-reviewed articles that you research in the library, Post a description and explanation of the scope of the population (e.g., geographic, demographic) as it relates to environmental health issues and other specifics about population health. Finally, propose one specific example of the kinds of systems and data that can be used to improve the population health problem related to the environment and justify why.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two colleagues.
Suggest an alternative system and/or data that could be used to improve the population health challenge selected by your colleague.
Suggest another reason the system or data proposed by a colleague would improve the population health challenge and why.
MMHA6520 Health Informatics and Population Health Analytics
Week 8 Discussion
Open Discussion Board
This Discussion Board provides you with an optional thread to post any questions that you may have of the Instructor regarding resources needed to investigate and utilize the data sources. Likewise, you can use this Discussion Board as a place to discuss your preliminary observations, insights, and challenges as you manipulate the data this week and compare your data analysis, datasets, charts, and graphs to what you see in the literature.
To Prepare
Review any feedback you have been given in Weeks 4 and 7 related to issues working with data.
Consider any difficulties or questions you have had as you have read about or worked with data.
Post by Day 5
This is an Open Discussion Board in which you can discuss with your colleagues any problems you have had using Excel. You are encouraged to participate to address any issues you might be having with Assignments, to help you in your preparation for your Final Project, and/or to assist your colleagues.
MMHA6520 Health Informatics and Population Health Analytics
Week 9 Discussion
Final Project Synopsis Video
Often, healthcare leaders spend a great deal of time doing rigorous analysis and writing thorough reports to communicate our thoughts and recommendations. While that level of detail and rigor is important, as a current or future health leader, you might find yourself in a situation in which you are asked to effectively and efficiently communicate these ideas in a short period of time. For example, it is not unusual to be scheduled for a 15- to 20-minute presentation on an executive board-level agenda, only to learn your time has been reduced to less than 5 minutes. Conveying complex analysis in a clear and succinct manner is a skill. This week, you have the opportunity to practice that skill by preparing a short video to summarize your topical area and your health informatics approach to your peers.
To Prepare:
Prepare an outline or notes on your Final Project so far. Include the following:
The population
The health problem faced by this population
The economic model that serves as a framework
A summary of findings from data sources and sets
A summary of conclusions related to the data
Suggestions for health informatics solutions
By Day 3
Post a 3- to 4-minute video explaining your selected topical area and main findings and conclusions related to your Final Project. Include any challenges you are having with data collection or synthesis of information.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two colleagues. Respond in one or more of the following ways:
Pose questions related to elements of the colleague’s Final Project synopsis that seem vague or problematic.
Suggest an improvement to the Final Project synopsis
Suggest implications for the identified population that appear to be missing from the synopsis.
Suggest a transformational health informatics strategy that would improve the health of the population cited in the colleague’s synopsis.
MMHA6520 Health Informatics and Population Health Analytics
Week 10 Discussion
Informatics Around the World: Applying Health Informatics to Global Population Health Issues
Certain population health issues are very local to day-to-day health organizations. Other issues are regional in nature, and yet other issues are inherently global. One of the challenges of studying population health is the different levels of scale and scope that apply to the trends that you have studied in this course.
Different nations around the world face different challenges related to the health of populations. Population health informatics solutions also very widely in their design and effectiveness depending upon how nations define goals and expectations for technical interventions. Furthermore, issues related to population health that are relevant in one country are not necessarily culturally, socially, or economically relevant in a neighboring country. For this reason, it is important for us to step back and examine the cultural and global relativism involved in addressing the topic areas examined in this course and the use of health informatics solutions in different nations.
For this Discussion, you have the opportunity to compare two different nations, population health challenges in those nations, and possible informatics solutions that might be used to address those challenges. Be sure to focus on the capabilities and possible geographic, political, or economic constraints of applying these informatics solutions within the specific nations that you choose.
To Prepare:
Using the three topic areas from Weeks 5–7,
In two countries of your choice from the list provided, select a clearly defined population health issue:
Australia
Canada
France
Germany
India
Norway
Sweden
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates (UAE)
The United Kingdom
For each country, select a different health informatics system to address that country’s health concern (i.e., do not use the same health informatics system for both countries).
By Day 3
Post a description of a significant population health concern in each country and why, in each case, the population experiences this health concern. Then, explain the kind of population health informatics systems you would use to address each of the health concerns. (Remember to select a different system for each country’s health concern.) Justify your proposed solutions. Finally, explain why different population health informatics systems might be needed for varying health concerns.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two colleagues. Respond in one or both of the following ways:
Suggest another population health informatics system that might address one of the colleague’s chosen populations and health concern.
Suggest another reason why different health informatics systems might be needed for the two population health concerns a colleague selected.
MMHA6520 Health Informatics and Population Health Analytics
Week 11 Discussion
Staying Current in Trends in Population Health and Informatics
Part of your responsibility as a leader in the industry is staying abreast of pertinent trends in the field that affect the health and wellbeing of the populations that you serve. Because the fields of health and information science are rapidly advancing in this Information Age, this week you are asked to research current literature on trends and to use this literature as a basis for developing criteria related to seed grants for health informatics strategies related to these innovations and trends.
To Prepare:
Review the Resources, including the media Exploring Health Education in the 21st Century: The Importance of Professional Organizations (Laureate Education, 2014) and Trends in Population Health (Laureate Education, 2018).
Think about the topics that you see related to population health and information science in the popular literature.
Review the Glossary of Key Population Health Informatics Terms (included in Week 1 as well).
Conduct a peer-reviewed literature search on population health informatics topics included in the Glossary of Key Population Health Informatics Terms and elsewhere. The peer-reviewed resources should have been published in the last 24 months.
What are the most significant issue(s) that you found in the literature?
Consider the following scenario:
You are the vice chancellor of research at a large academic medical center in the United States. You are evaluating internal innovation seed grants in population health informatics for funding from your research office.
By Day 3Post a description of the three most significant issues that you, the vice chancellor, would prioritize for funding and explain why. Include at least two or three criteria that you recommend the vice chancellor use in reviewing applicants for seed grants related to innovations and trends in population health informatics.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two colleagues. Respond in one or more of the following ways:
Summarize an article you found in your literature search that is related to one of the most significant issues your colleague posted.
Summarize an article you found in your literature search that is related to one of the criteria your colleague posted.
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