Behavioral Theories and Models in Population Health Interventions
Behavioral Theories and Models in Population Health Interventions
For this Discussion, you will explore a set of interrelated terms: theories, models, and frameworks. For the purpose of this week, a theory is a set of statements developed through a process of continued perceptions. A theory is aimed at creating a generalized statement to explain a phenomenon. A model is a purposeful representation of reality. There are similarities in these constructs, but these terms are not synonymous. A model is based on a theory and is not the same as a theory. An entity between a model and a theory is known as a framework. A framework contains a structure or system for the fulfilment of a defined result/goal.
In public health and population health, models may be used to develop a framework for the intended audience to change behaviors. These proven frameworks assist in the development of programs relying on constructs of human behavior. In population health, health leaders use models and theories to support health promotion and disease prevention practices in program planning. They help individuals to understand and explain health behavior and to guide the identification of strategies for health promotion and disease prevention programs.
In population health, it is likely that health professionals will develop programs to address a population health issue, and models and theories will support their efforts. For this unit, four theories/models have been chosen because they are the most widely used and known in the field. The four theories or models that serve as the focus of this week are the ones most commonly cited in the field of health care. It is important that you become familiar with their constructs. To that end, you will complete an exercise in which you will demonstrate your knowledge of each.
For this Discussion:
To Prepare:
Review the week’s Resources.
Consider which theory or model might apply to Juanita in the media titled Juanita’s Story: Part 1 (Laureate Education, 2018).
Select one of the chronic diseases or conditions at a population level in the list provided:
Diabetes
Lung Cancer
Obesity
Heart Disease
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Select a health behavioral theory or model* from the following list that best applies to population health intervention efforts to address the chronic disease or condition you selected:
Health Belief Model
Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model
Theory of Planned Behavior
Social Cognitive Theory
By Day 3
Post an indication of the theory or model and the population level chronic disease or condition you chose. Explain why you think the health behavioral theory or model you chose best applies to your selected chronic disease or condition. Then, briefly explain how your chosen health behavioral theory or model might be applied to population health intervention efforts.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two colleagues. Respond in one or more of the following ways:
Suggest another health behavioral theory or model that might apply to your colleague’s chosen chronic disease or condition at a population level.
Suggest another way your colleague’s chosen health behavioral theory or model might apply to a chronic disease or condition at a population level.
MMHA6530 Disease Prevention and Care Management
Week 2 Discussion
The Importance of Shared Decision-Making in Evidence-Based Population Health Programs
Evidence-based programs are constructed through rigorous study of the effects or outcomes of specific interventions or model programs. They demonstrate reliable and consistently positive changes in important health-related and functional measures. Utilizing proven strategies to effect change in the behavior of a population or at-risk group can greatly increase successful outcomes. Additionally, funding is more likely secured utilizing proven programs and strategies to influence the health of the community.
Evidence-based interventions lead to more successful programs and policies, greater workforce productivity, and better use of resources. Applying evidence-based programs to a population health intervention is a best practice applied by most health organizations. There is strength in numbers and the more research and insight that is garnered from these programs, the more refined a program can be in the future. These programs have the potential to bring lasting benefits to communities and populations. However, stakeholders such as consumers and health practitioners might have different values and needs related to health programs. Even stakeholders within the same categories might have different needs and values. Coordination of evidenced-based practice is important within the evidence-based realm and may only be possible when needs and values are understood.
Evidence-based programs have implications related to costs, timelines, and other factors. How might these factors affect consumers and health practitioners? This is the focus of your Discussion.
For this Discussion:
To Prepare:
Review the Resources for this week.
Consider the views expressed in the video Assessing Community Needs (Laureate, 2014).
Consider the stakeholders who need to be engaged in decision-making for evidence-based population health practices and why.
Consider why consumer involvement is important in evidence-based population health practices.
Consider how factors such as patient age and stage of disease affect their values and needs.
Consider why providers’ needs and values might need to be considered for coordination of care.
By Day 3
Post an explanation of the importance of consumer involvement in decision-making regarding evidence-based population health practices. Explain how consumer values and needs influence their decision-making. Then, explain the benefits and limitations of shared decision-making in evidence-based practice. Provide specific examples in your response.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two colleagues. Respond in one or more of the following ways:
Based on your colleague’s post, build on how consumer values and needs might influence decision-making.
Suggest another benefit or limitation of shared decision-making in evidence-based practice.
Provide an insight related to the population mentioned in the article that might affect this population’s chronic disease or condition described.
MMHA6530 Disease Prevention and Care Management
Week 3 Discussion
Interventions at the Population Versus Individual Level
As a health practitioner, the at-risk populations for a specific disease or condition are the focus of interventions. In many cases, the knowledge gained from individual health applications may be applied to understanding human behavior and behavior change for diseases and conditions at the population level. Population health is tasked with meeting the needs of large groups; therefore, it is important that health professionals consider the best practices identified in evidence-based programs for individuals when planning the development of solid programs with proven results for groups or populations.
For this Discussion:
To Prepare:
Select a relevant chronic disease or condition at a population level.
Reflect on how interventions for this chronic disease or condition might differ between the patient and population level.
Consider which intervention level may be most appropriate to effect positive health outcomes.
By Day 3
Post a description of the population and the chronic disease or condition you selected. Explain how interventions for the chronic disease or condition might be addressed at the individual level. Explain how interventions for the chronic disease or condition might be addressed at the population level. Finally, compare individualized and population approaches to health programs in addressing the chronic diseases or condition on the population health level you selected.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two colleagues in one or more of the following ways:
Suggest another way that your colleague’s chosen chronic disease or condition might be addressed at the population level.
Suggest another way that your colleague’s chosen chronic disease or condition might be addressed at the individual level.
Respectfully support or refute your colleague’s choice of whether to address the chosen chronic disease or condition at a population or individual level.
MMHA6530 Disease Prevention and Care Management
Week 4 Discussion
Implications of Stages of Prevention to Management of Chronic Conditions
Primary prevention aims to prevent a population or individual from developing a disease or condition. This might include health promotion activities aimed at building awareness of the link between behaviors and diseases (e.g., the link between condom use and prevention of HIV/AIDs). Unfortunately, not all diseases/conditions are captured at this primary stage and are instead identified at the secondary or tertiary stages of disease.
Secondary prevention includes screenings and tests to identify disease at the earliest stages. At the primary and secondary prevention stage, the possibility of behavior change and mitigation of inherent risks is better managed.
Tertiary prevention tends to fall on complete management of the disease. This stage is important as well in managing the quality of life of the individual and the impact on the population.
At the secondary and tertiary stages, there are still ways to manage the disease and improve quality of life, but the costs begin to rise.
Classifying stages of prevention is an important aspect of developing best practices and programs to meet the needs of the population. A clear understanding of where the at-risk population is in the process enhances the ability to make interventions that are effective and reliable. Health practitioners must develop skills to identify what stage would be most effective in a given disease, population, and budget.
To Prepare:
Review the following scenario, reflected in the media for this and previous weeks, Juanita’s Story (Laureate Education, 2018):
Juanita is a 35-year-old female Mexican-American immigrant. She has recently had some symptoms consistent with diabetes.
Think about the implications of Juanita having diabetes at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. How might her different stages of change affect her motivations to seek treatment at the various stages?
Consider:
What would Juanita’s disease look like in the various stages of prevention? How would it affect her daily life, diet, ability to function, and so forth?
What factors would contribute to the differentiation between the stages?
What are the implications of the three stages of Juanita’s condition?
How might these implications translate to other chronic diseases and conditions at a population level?
By Day 3
Post an explanation of the implications of primary, secondary, and tertiary stages of prevention to the management of chronic diabetes. Include relevance of the stages to such aspects as health, society, finances, and impact on daily life. Be specific and provide examples.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two colleagues in one or more of the following ways:
Suggest another implication of a primary, secondary, or tertiary stage to the management of chronic diabetes.
Suggest how your colleague’s explanation of an implication of stages of prevention to chronic diabetes relates to your own chosen chronic disease or condition at a population level.
Expand on a colleague’s post by offering additional insights.
MMHA6530 Disease Prevention and Care Management
Week 6 Discussion
Motivators and Diagnostic Testing
Diabetes is a Greek word that means to siphon or pass through. The term mellitus was added later from a Latin word meaning “sweet” or “honey.” The condition was first documented in Egypt in 1552 B.C. when a physician noted patients experiencing frequent urination and emaciation (reflective of diabetes type 1). Similarly, in 150 A.D., a Greek physician named Aratreus observed “the melting down of flesh and limbs into urine.” This melting down gave the disease its name (McCoy, 2009).
Motivating an individual as well as a population to adopt new behaviors can be difficult. Health professionals must have a good understanding of the motivations and behaviors of individuals and the populations within which they are a member. Knowing what might motivate one individual to participate in diagnostic testing might not work for another, for example. This is the focus of the Discussion.
Reference
McCoy, K. (2009). The history of diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.everydayhealth.com/diabetes/understanding/diabetes-mellitus-through-time.aspx
For this Discussion:
To Prepare:
Review the Resources for this week and focus on the incidence of diabetes in different populations and underlying factors that account for these differences.
Consider why diabetes is on the rise in certain populations.
Consider population characteristics that might influence the likelihood of “at-risk” populations seeking diagnostic testing.
Reflect on behavioral and other motivators for seeking health screenings for diagnostic testing of diabetes. Review the media, Juanita’s Story: Part 4 (Laureate Education, 2018d). What are some of Juanita’s motivators at this stage? How have they changed through her interactions with her doctor?
Consider how behaviors and motivators might differ between younger (18–29 years old) and older (30 years old and over) adults.
By Day 3
Post an explanation of behavioral and other motivational factors related to why individuals in the two populations (18–29 years old and 30 years old and older) fail to seek diagnostic testing for diabetes. Then, imagine you are a leader in a health organization. How might you encourage individuals in the two populations to engage in diagnostic testing? Provide one strategy for the younger adult population and one for the older adult population. Explain how and why the strategy you proposed for the younger adult population might differ from the strategy you proposed for the older adult population. Be specific and provide examples.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two colleagues in one or more of the following ways:
Suggest another behavior or motivator that might influence a younger or older population’s likelihood of seeking diagnostic testing for diabetes.
Post with additional insights and resources.
Validate an idea with your own experience.
MMHA6530 Disease Prevention and Care Management
Week 7 Discussion
Causes and Risks of Cancer
Research has revealed that there are many risk factors associated with cancer and can vary based on the type of cancer. Some of these are outside of the control of the individual in that these factors are inherent. A person cannot change their genetics to reduce their risk category. However, there are also risk factors that can be improved or even eradicated. These include behaviors and habits such as smoking, which can be influenced to reduce the risk of cancer.
Cancer prevention is a major concern for many health care providers worldwide. It is important that health care administrators and educators understand the inherent and behavioral risk factors for each type of cancer, as well as how the relationship between inherent and behavioral risk factors differs in individuals and populations. This is the focus of your Discussion.
For this Discussion:
To Prepare:
Review the list of leading types of cancer provided in this week’s Resources.
Identify articles on cancer causes and evidence-based prevention strategies.
Select one type of cancer to explore in your Discussion post.
Identify at least two articles on this type of cancer.
By Day 3
Post an explanation of the difference between inherent versus behavioral risk factors as they relate to causing cancer, in general. Then, for the type of cancer you selected, identify one inherent and one behavioral risk factor and explain how the relationship between these risks may differ between populations. Be specific and provide examples.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two colleagues. Respond in one or more of the following ways:
Share another difference between inherent versus behavioral risk factors for cancer.
Expand on your colleague’s posting on inherent versus behavioral risk factors for cancer with additional insights and resources.
Suggest another reason why inherent versus behavioral risk might differ between populations.
MMHA6530 Disease Prevention and Care Management
Week 8 Discussion
Inherent and Genetic Risk Factors
Humans are born with genetic coding that may predispose them to certain diseases and conditions. A person may have a family history of high blood pressure, for example. Although that person cannot change the family history, they can make lifestyle choices that can reduce their risk of heart disease later in life. Taking ownership of these risk factors is a common battle waged in population health.
Evidence-based programs provide health administrators with a framework for developing interventions for the population to address risk factors. Researching risky behaviors in populations often results in information to break down barriers and meet the needs of the community. Educating the community can have a lasting effect on future rates of disease and disability. Before designing programs, however, it is important to have a deep understanding of inherent and behavioral risk factors related to the health of the populations you serve. For this Discussion, you will examine whether risk factors related to chronic diseases or conditions at a population level are inherent or whether they develop through behaviors and values or both. You will consider how behavioral changes, even small ones, might affect health in populations.
To Prepare:
Reflect on the following:
What might change or modify people’s motivations when it comes to health and health behaviors?
What role do demographics play in risk factors?
What can you change (e.g., where you live, what you eat)?
Select a chronic disease or condition at a population level with different types of risk factors.
Select a specific population that may be at risk for the selected chronic disease or condition.
By Day 3
Post an example of inherent or genetic risk factors related to the chronic disease or condition and population you selected. Also, provide an example of a behavior-driven risk factor related to the chronic disease or condition and population you selected. Then, provide a comprehensive explanation for how your chosen population’s values might influence health-related behaviors that may contribute to the risk of the chronic disease or condition you selected and explain why.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two colleagues. Respond in one or more of the following ways:
Suggest another inherent or behavioral risk factor related to your colleague’s chosen chronic disease or condition at a population level.
Propose another chronic disease or condition at a population level that might result from your colleague’s suggested risk factors.
Expand on your colleague’s posting with additional insights and resources.
MMHA6530 Disease Prevention and Care Management
Week 10 Discussion
Applying Evidence-Based Programs to Population Health to Improve Outcomes and Return on Investment
Identifying evidence-based practices is a major undertaking. Yet, when health professionals take the time to fully research a practice and note the best fit for a population and condition, it can greatly improve the results of the program as a whole. Once the best fit for a population is determined in terms of the right practices based on evidence, they may be implemented in various ways, such as in a roll out with small groups over the population or on a grand scale in which the entire population is offered the program at the same time.
To ensure that an evidence-based practice is working, it is important to evaluate the program routinely. Developing measurable and actionable goals will greatly assist in this process. Taking a step back to look at the progress of the program can be very beneficial in making modifications as needed for ongoing success. Any issues identified do not mean the program is a failure. Instead, it indicates areas that may need attention.
In Week 2, you examined the importance of evidence-based practice in general as well as the value of consumer involvement. You also explored the benefits and limitations of using evidence-based practices for chronic diseases and conditions at a population level. This week, you will apply insights on evidence-based practice to the specific chronic disease or condition at a population level that you selected for your Final Project.
For this Discussion:
To Prepare
Review the week’s Resources.
Conduct a search for evidence-based practices related to your Final Project topic.
By Day 3
Post a comprehensive explanation of how evidence-based practices might improve population health outcomes for the chronic disease or condition at the population level you selected for your Final Project. Then, explain how evidence-based practices might provide a better return on investment (ROI) for effective prevention and care management for the chronic disease or condition at the population level you selected for your Final Project. Be specific and provide examples in your post.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two colleagues. Respond in one or more of the following ways:
Suggest another reason why evidence-based practices might improve population outcomes for your colleague’s selected chronic disease or condition at the population level.
Select another reason that evidence-based practices might provide a better ROI for your colleague’s selected chronic disease or condition at the population level.
Suggest another example of improved ROI from evidence-based practices.
Expand on your colleague’s posting with additional insights and resources.
MMHA6530 Disease Prevention and Care Management
Week 11 Discussion
Personal Health Records
Personal health records (PHRs) are electronic applications used by patients to maintain and manage their health information in a private, secure, and confidential environment, and their use is becoming increasingly common. Technology companies are continually introducing new products to the market to address exercise, posture, BMI, and even diet. The PHR has helped to bridge the gap between patient and provider regarding behaviors related to health. When patients monitor their exercise and calories consumed, for example, a health care provider is better able to engage in a meaningful conversation on what can be modified to improve overall health. Technology-based PHRs have also enabled diabetics to track their blood sugar levels in a real-time capacity to avoid complications. This information is vital in the development of programs to address chronic conditions. However, if these PHRs are difficult to use or cumbersome, people will not use them over the long term.
For this Discussion, you will research PHR tools and share the information you gather with your colleagues. You will collaborate and contribute to each other’s knowledge base on technology that you might use to improve your own health.
For this Discussion:
To Prepare:
Review the week’s Resources.
Conduct an online search for PHR tools.
Select a PHR application or technology that is currently available and familiarize yourself with it
By Day 3
Include the following, if available:
Describe your selected PHR technology to your colleagues.
Cost
Ease of use
Ease of access
Pros and cons that you identified.
Explain the benefits and challenges of using this type of PHR for chronic disease management and to promote population health.
Finally, explain whether the PHR you selected would be applicable in health care settings. Why or why not?
By Day 5
Respond in the Discussion board to at least two colleagues. Respond in one or more of the following ways:
Explain another benefit of using a colleague’s personal health application or technology to benefit health.
Explain another challenge of using a colleague’s personal health application or technology to benefit health.
Support or refute your colleague’s stance on whether the personal health record application or technology is applicable in a health care setting.
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