October 26, 2022

State your future career and discuss how statistical analysis may be used in that field. What types of projects might involve statistical analysis in your future career?

For this discussion, you will discuss your future career and how statistical analysis may be used in that field. In the University of Arizona Global Campus Library, find a peer-reviewed research study relevant to your chosen career and that presents statistical information to answer the research question.

For your initial post,

Summarize the article’s content and point out any statistical procedures you recognize from this week’s reading.

What research question did the authors investigate?

What variables did they use?

Did the article include any graphs or charts?

If so, what types were they? Did they help you to understand the information better? Why or why not?

Is this article something that will be helpful in your future career? If so, how?

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 2 Discussion

Chi-Square Tests and Examples

Prior to beginning work on this discussion forum, read the Instructor Guidance for Week 2; Chapter 10 in the textbook; pages 109 to 120 in Chapter 7 of the Jarman e-book; the Chi-Square Test, The Chi-Square Test: Often Used and More Often Misinterpreted, The Chi-Square Test of Independence, How to Chi-Square Test (Links to an external site.), and How to Interpret Chi-Squared (Links to an external site.) articles; watch the Two-Way Tables, Chi-Square Tests: Crash Course Statistics #29 (Links to an external site.), Chi-Square Test for Association (Independence) | AP Statistics | Khan Academy (Links to an external site.), and Chi-Square: Lecture 11 videos.

The purpose of this discussion is to allow you to consider how nonparametric tests are used and how two types of chi-square tests compare. To do this, you will need to explain statistical concepts and assess assumptions, limitations, and implications associated with statistical tests.

For your initial post,

Describe the chi-square goodness-of-fit test. Explain what this test measures.

Explain how the chi-square goodness-of-fit test is similar to and different from a simple frequency distribution.

Describe the chi-square test of independence. Explain what this test measures and how it is similar to and different from the chi-square goodness-of-fit test.

How do you know when to use one analysis over the other?

Provide a real-world example in which either a goodness-of-fit test or a test of independence should be used.

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 3 Discussion

Standard Normal Distribution

For this discussion, identify the appropriate application of standardized scores to reflect on their benefits and interpret how test scores and measures are commonly presented.

Prior to beginning work on this discussion, read the Instructor Guidance for Week 3 and Chapter 3 of your course text, which introduces probability and the standard normal distribution. Also review the required videos for this week: The Shape of Data: Distributions: Crash Course Statistics #7 (Links to an external site.), Z-Scores and percentiles: Crash Course Statistics #18 (Links to an external site.), and The Normal Distribution: Crash Course Statistics #19 (Links to an external site.). It will also be helpful to review Section 2.3 in the textbook about normal distribution. Examine the assumptions and limitations presented in these topics and then consider and discuss the following questions:

When comparing data from different distributions, what is the benefit of transforming data from these distributions to conform to the standard distribution?

What role do z scores play in transforming data from multiple distributions to the standard normal distribution?

What is the relationship between z scores and percentages?

Give an example of a variable likely to be normally distributed in the population and explain how z scores pertaining to that variable would be useful in a real-life situation.

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 4 Discussion

Recommend a Test

Prior to beginning work on this discussion forum, read Chapter 6 and Chapter 7 in the course text, Chapter 6 and pages 129 to 142 in Chapter 8 of the Jarman e-book, the Instructor Guidance for Week 4, and watch the ANOVA: Crash Course Statistics #33 (Links to an external site.) and ANOVA Part 2: Dealing with Intersectional Groups: Crash Course Statistics #34 (Links to an external site.) videos. You may also wish to review the information about inferential statistics from Week 3. In this discussion, you will evaluate a research question and determine how that question might best be analyzed. To do this, you will need to explain statistical concepts and assess assumptions, limitations, and implications associated with statistical tests.

W4.D.Decision Tree.png

A researcher wishes to study the effect of cognitive behavior therapy on young people diagnosed with depression. Consider and discuss the following questions as you respond:

Would you recommend using a z test, a t test, or an ANOVA for the analysis? Explain your answer.

What would your choice of test depend on? For the test you select, explain your design and your comparison groups.

Would the hypothesis be directional or nondirectional?

Would the test be one or two tailed?

How would the null and alternative hypotheses be worded?

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 5 Discussion

Correlation

Prior to beginning work on this discussion forum, read Chapter 8 in the course textbook and the Instructor Guidance for Week 5 and review the Correlation Doesn’t Equal Causation: Crash Course Statistics #8 (Links to an external site.) and The Danger of Mixing Up Causality and Correlation: Ionica Smeets at TEDxDelft (Links to an external site.) videos. In this post, you will be challenged to look at how statistical tests, such as correlation, are commonly used and the possible limitations of such analyses. Additionally, you will need to explain statistical concepts; accurately interpret results of statistical tests; and assess assumptions, limitations, and implications associated with statistical tests.

Much has been written about the relationship between students’ SAT test scores and their family’s income. Generally speaking, there is a strong positive correlation between income and SAT scores. Consider and discuss the following questions as you respond:

What does this correlation tell you?

Is this correlation evidence that having a high family income causes one to have high SAT scores?

Is this correlation evidence that high SAT scores cause higher income? Or does this tell you something else? Explain your answer.

Explain why correlation alone is rarely sufficient to demonstrate cause.

Provide a personal example of two variables that may be correlated but not have a cause and effect relationship. Identify what type of bivariate correlation is involved, based on the measurement scales of the variables.

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 1 Assignment

Descriptive Statistics Data Analysis

Prior to beginning work on this assignment, review Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 in your course textbook, Chapter 3 in the Jarman e-book, the Week 1 Instructor Guidance, and review the Module 2: Describing Data video and the Khan Academy video on Interquartile Range (IQR) (Links to an external site.). Also, complete the Week 1 learning activity and Week 1 weekly review.

W1.A.Mean Median Mode.png

This exercise requires the use of a descriptive statistics calculator. You can find this tool in some versions of Excel (as part of the Analysis ToolPak) or you can use one of the many free online descriptive calculators such as the Descriptive Statistics Calculator (Links to an external site.) by Calculator Soup.

Your instructor will post an announcement with the data set for your Week 1 assignment.

First, use either Excel or the Calculator Soup descriptive statistics calculator to calculate the descriptive statistics for the given data set. This is explained in Chapter 1 of your course text.

You should get an output similar to the image in Figure 1.3 from your textbook. This output must contain the following values: mean, standard error, median, mode, standard deviation, sample variance, kurtosis, skewness, range, minimum, maximum, sum, and count.

Next, begin writing your paper by reporting your results for each of the values listed above.

Include the data set, the output from the analysis, and the answers to the following questions:

Evaluate the measures of central tendency. Address the following when completing this component:

Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate based on the data type?

Are the mean, median, and mode close to the same value? If not, what does this tell you about the numbers in the set?

Identify any mode(s) in the data set. Is there a mode at all? Is there more than one mode?

Calculate manually the interquartile range and the values of Q1 and Q3. (It is important to calculate this manually because the interquartile range and quartiles output from Calculator Soup might not be accurate.) Address the following when completing this component:

Test to see if there are any outliers in the set. If so, which number(s)?

Which method from Section 2.4 of the text did you first use to check for outliers?

Now try the other method from Section 2.4 of the text. Do you come to the same conclusion about outliers in the data set?

Explain which descriptive statistic you think best summarizes this set of numbers and why.

Choose three of the descriptive statistics that you feel best represent this data set. Why were they chosen?

The Descriptive Statistics Data Analysis assignment

Must be two to three double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA Style as outlined in the Writing Center’s APA Style (Links to an external site.) resource.

Must include a separate title page with the following:

Title of paper

Student’s name

Course name and number

Instructor’s name

Date submitted

For further assistance with the formatting and the title page, refer to APA Formatting for Microsoft Word (Links to an external site.).

Must include an introduction and conclusion paragraph. Your introduction paragraph needs to end with a clear statement that indicates the purpose of your paper, to report and explain your analysis of the data set.

For assistance on writing Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.), refer to the Writing Center resources.

Must use the course text and Excel or the Descriptive Statistics Calculator (Links to an external site.).

Must document any information used from sources in APA Style as outlined in the Writing Center’s APA: Citing Within Your Paper (Links to an external site.) guide.

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 2 Assignment

Chi-Square Data Analysis

Prior to beginning work on this assignment, review Chapter 10 in your course textbook, pages 109 to 120 in Chapter 7 of the Jarman e-book, and the Week 2 Instructor Guidance. Also, review The Chi-Square Test: Often Used and More Often Misinterpreted and The Chi-Square Test of Independence articles Also, review the Two-Way Tables, Chi-Square: Lecture 11, Chi-Square Tests: Crash Course Statistics #29 (Links to an external site.), and Chi-Square Test for Association (Independence) | AP Statistics | Khan Academy (Links to an external site.) videos; and review the How to Chi-Square Test (Links to an external site.) and How to Interpret Chi-Squared (Links to an external site.) web articles. Also, complete the Week 2 learning activity and Week 2 weekly review.

Your instructor will post an announcement with the scenario and data set for your Week 2 assignment. For the calculations in this assignment, you may use either Excel or the free VassarStats: Website for Statistical Computation (Links to an external site.) program online. Instructions for performing a chi-square test of independence in Excel are included in Section 10.4 of the textbook, accompanied by a screencast demonstrating the process in the electronic version. Screencasts showing how to do a chi-square goodness-of-fit test and a chi-square test of independence in VassarStats are included in the Week 2 learning activity, which you may review at any time. For this test, you may prefer VassarStats (Links to an external site.) because it is more automated than Excel. You also have the option of calculating the chi-square manually but if you choose this option, you must show your work and explain all of the steps taken to solve for the chi-square value and to determine statistical significance.

In your paper, begin with a paragraph introducing the scenario and explaining why a chi-square test is needed for the situation. Then, address the following:

Identify which chi-square test you used and which program or procedure you used for the analysis.

Describe the procedure you used to calculate the chi-square.

If using VassarStats (Links to an external site.), copy and paste the data entry area and output into your paper. If using Excel, submit the Excel spreadsheet separately and mention in your paper that the spreadsheet is attached. If using hand calculations, include a table showing the observed and expected frequencies, along with the row and column totals and chi-square calculations.

Report the chi-square value, degrees of freedom, and the p

Explain how you determined the p Is the result statistically significant?

If the test is a chi-square test of independence with a statistically significant result, report the effect size using Cramér’s V.

Explain the meaning of the results in terms of the scenario.

Discuss any assumptions, limitations, and implications associated with the situation and analysis.

Summarize the main points of the paper in a concluding paragraph.

The Chi-Square Data Analysis paper

Must include a separate title page with the following:

Title of paper

Student’s name

Course name and number

Instructor’s name

Date submitted

For further assistance with the formatting and the title page, refer to APA Formatting for Microsoft Word (Links to an external site.).

For assistance on writing Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.), refer to the Writing Center resources.

Must use the course text; and Excel, VassarStats, or detailed documentation of hand calculations. Refer to Tables, Images, & Appendices (Links to an external site.) for assistance with formatting data and results tables.

Must document any information used from sources in APA Style as outlined in the Writing Center’s APA: Citing Within Your Paper (Links to an external site.) guide.

Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA Style as outlined in the Writing Center. See the APA: Formatting Your References List (Links to an external site.) resource in the Writing Center for specifications.

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 3 Assignment

Inferential Statistics Article Critique

Prior to beginning work on this assignment, review the assigned readings and the instructor guidance for the week, complete the learning activity, read the Writing Center resource Writing an Article Critique (Links to an external site.), view the University of Arizona Global Campus Library tutorial How to Read a Scholarly Article (Links to an external site.), and review the required video Test statistics: Crash Course statistics #26 (Links to an external site.). Your instructor will post an announcement with the reference for the article to be critiqued in this assignment. Read the article assigned by your instructor and identify the research questions and/or hypotheses as they are stated. Consider the following questions: What are the variables (sample sizes, population, treatments, etc.)? What are the inferential statistics used in this article? Were the proper steps of hypothesis testing followed?

Your article critique paper must

Determine what question(s) the authors are trying to answer by doing this research, the hypothesis being tested, and the concepts that were applied in this process.

Evaluate the article and critique the statistical analysis employed in the study.

Identify the specific statistical tests used. Were the tests appropriate for the situation and type of data?

Would you have included more and/or different variables? Explain your answer.

Examine the results, assumptions, interpretations, and limitations of the statistical study.

Interpret the findings of the author(s) using statistical concepts.

What would you have done differently? Why?

Discuss how either the statistical test(s) used in this study or the findings of this research might be useful in your future career.

The Inferential Statistics Article Critique assignment

Must be three to four double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA Style as outlined in the Writing Center’s APA Style (Links to an external site.) resource.

Must include a separate title page with the following:

Title of paper

Student’s name

Course name and number

Instructor’s name

Date submitted

For further assistance with the formatting and the title page, refer to APA Formatting for Microsoft Word (Links to an external site.).

Must utilize academic voice. See the Academic Voice (Links to an external site.) resource for additional guidance.

Must include an introduction and conclusion paragraph. Your introduction paragraph needs to end with a clear statement that indicates the purpose of your paper, to critique the assigned research study article.

For assistance on writing Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.), refer to the Writing Center resources.

Must use the assigned article in addition to the course text. Additional sources are optional. You may choose to include a peer-reviewed journal article about the research design or the data analysis method used in the study.

The Scholarly, Peer-Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources (Links to an external site.) table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, please contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the appropriateness of a specific source for a particular assignment.

To assist you in completing the research required for this assignment, view the University of Arizona Global Campus Library Quick ‘n’ Dirty (Links to an external site.) tutorial, which introduces the University of Arizona Global Campus Library and the research process, and provides some library search tips.

Must document any information used from sources in APA Style as outlined in the Writing Center’s APA: Citing Within Your Paper (Links to an external site.) guide.

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 4 Assignment

ANOVA Interpretation Exercise

Prior to beginning work on this assignment, read the scenario and ANOVA results provided in an announcement by your instructor and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Non-Normal Data: Is ANOVA Still a Valid Option? articles, review the required chapters of the Tanner textbook and the Jarman e-book, and watch the One-Way ANOVA video. In your paper, identify the research question and the hypothesis being tested in the assigned scenario. Consider the following questions: What are the independent and dependent variables, sample size, treatments, etcetera? What type of ANOVA was used in this scenario? What do the results mean in statistical and practical terms?

In your paper,

Determine what question(s) the researchers are trying to answer by doing this research.

Determine the hypotheses being tested. Is the alternative hypothesis directional or nondirectional?

Identify the independent variable(s), the dependent variable, and the specific type of ANOVA used.

Determine the sample size and the number of groups from information given in the ANOVA table.

Discuss briefly the assumptions and limitations that apply to ANOVA.

Interpret the ANOVA results in terms of statistical significance and in relation to the research question.

The ANOVA Interpretation Exercise assignment

Must include a separate title page with the following:

Title of paper

Student’s name

Course name and number

Instructor’s name

Date submitted

For further assistance with the formatting and the title page, refer to APA Formatting for Microsoft Word (Links to an external site.).

Must utilize academic voice. See the Academic Voice (Links to an external site.) resource for additional guidance.

Must use the course text and document any information used from sources in APA Style as outlined in the Writing Center’s APA: Citing Within Your Paper (Links to an external site.) guide.

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 5 Assignment

In this second portion of the Final Exam, you will critically evaluate a quantitative research study on a social science topic. Your instructor will post an announcement with the reference for the article assigned for the exam. The study will be from a peer-reviewed journal and published within the last 10 years.

In the body of your critique, describe the statistical approaches used, the variables included, the hypothesis(es) proposed, and the interpretation of the results. In your conclusion, suggest other statistical approaches that could have been used and, if appropriate, suggest alternative interpretations of the results. This process will allow you to apply the concepts learned throughout the course in the interpretation of actual scientific research.

Your critique must include the following sections and information:

Introduction:

This section will introduce the assigned peer-reviewed quantitative study.

Identify clearly the research questions and/or hypothesis(es) as well as the purpose of the study.

Methods:

Describe the procedures and methods of data collection, measures/instruments used, the participants and how they were selected, and the statistical techniques used.

Results:

Summarize in this section the results presented in the study.

Discussion:

Evaluate the efficacy of the research study by discussing the following:

Address the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of the study and suggest future research directions.

Include additional forms of statistical analyses as part of the suggestions for future research.

Conclusion:

Summarize the main points of your evaluation of the study.

Explain how the statistical test used in the study could be applied to your future career. Give one example.

Discuss how your ability to critique quantitative research could impact your future career.

The Final Exam Part 2 paper

Must include a separate title page with the following:

Title of paper

Student’s name

Course name and number

Instructor’s name

Date submitted

For further assistance with the formatting and the title page, refer to APA Formatting for Microsoft Word (Links to an external site.).

Must utilize academic voice. See the Academic Voice (Links to an external site.) resource for additional guidance.

Must include an introduction and a conclusion paragraph that summarizes your critical evaluation.

For assistance on writing Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.), refer to the Writing Center resources.

Must use the quantitative research study assigned by your instructor. It is strongly recommended that you also use either the textbook or a peer-reviewed article about the statistical test(s) used by the researchers, to support your evaluation of the study.

You may find the Writing Center resource Action Words in Academic Writing (Links to an external site.) helpful in understanding the requirements of the assignment.

Must document any information used from sources in APA Style as outlined in the Writing Center’s APA: Citing Within Your Paper (Links to an external site.) guide.

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 1 Weekly Review

Question 1 “Any subset of a population,” defines which?

An inferential statistic

A sample

A parameter

A distribution

Question 2A normal distribution is mesokurtic.

True

False

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 2 Weekly Review

Question 1How many categories can a variable in a chi-square test have?

unlimited

Question 2The table used to organize the data in a chi-square test of independence is called a _____.

significance table

contingency table

continuity table

effect table

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 3 Weekly Review

Question 1The measure of variability within the group in a z-test is the population mean, μ.

True

False

Question 2A statistically significant outcome in a z-test indicates which of the following?

The sample is not characteristic of the population

The sample could not have been randomly selected

The sample is characteristic of the population

The sample represents other samples in the original population

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 4 Weekly Review

Question 1Repeated measures designs reduce error variance as long as the scores are correlated.

True

False

Question 2If there were 4 groups, how many possible pair-wise comparisons are there?

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 5 Weekly Review

Question 1A one-sample t value is statistically significant in which situation?

The calculated t is equal to, or larger than the table value

The calculated t is equal to or smaller than the table value

The calculated t is equal to or smaller than .05

The calculated t is equal to or larger than .05

Question 2What is the similarity between the z test and the one-sample t-test?

They both analyze differences between sample means

They both analyze differences between a sample and a population

They both determine the strength of the relationship between variables

They both rely on ordinal scale data

PSY325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences

Week 5 Final Exam

Question 1A one-sample t value is statistically significant in which situation?

The calculated t is equal to, or larger than the table value

The calculated t is equal to or smaller than the table value

The calculated t is equal to or smaller than .05

The calculated t is equal to or larger than .05

Question 2What is the similarity between the z test and the one-sample t-test?

They both analyze differences between sample means

They both analyze differences between a sample and a population

They both determine the strength of the relationship between variables

They both rely on ordinal scale data

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State your future career and discuss how statistical analysis may be used in that field. What types of projects might involve statistical analysis in your future career?

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