People around those who have been diagnosed as schizophrenic begin to treat them as if they are “crazy,” expecting and overreacting to odd behaviors that they might not even notice in others.
People around those who have been diagnosed as schizophrenic begin to treat them as if they are “crazy,” expecting and overreacting to odd behaviors that they might not even notice in others. This observation is most consistent with the understanding of schizophrenia.
Psychodynamic
family systems
cognitive
sociocultural
Question Which of the following would give us the most convincing evidence for a racial difference in the incidence of schizophrenia?
Differences in the overall rate of schizophrenia between racial groups.
Differences in the socioeconomic levels between racial groups.
Differences in the rate of schizophrenia do not completely disappear when other factors thought to be related are controlled.
Differences in the rate of schizophrenia among married and unmarried people of different racial groups.
Question On average, compared to African Americans, white Americans are:
less likely to think that those with schizophrenia will be violent, but more likely to blame them for any violence that might occur.
more likely to think that those with schizophrenia will be violent, and more likely to blame them for any violence that might occur.
less likely to think that those with schizophrenia will be violent, but less likely to blame them for any violence that might occur.
more likely to think that those with schizophrenia will be violent, but less likely to blame them for any violence that might occur.
Question David Rosenhan sent eight normal people to various psychiatric hospitals complaining of hearing voices that said “empty,” “hollow,” and “thud.” All eight people acted normally after being admitted to the hospital, yet all were diagnosed as schizophrenic. One of the conclusions from this study is that:
clinicians are unable to detect “real” schizophrenia.
the expectations produced by labeling can alter perception.
hospitals can produce schizophrenic behavior in normal people.
auditory hallucinations are sufficient for diagnosis as schizophrenic.
Question Families that display high levels of expressed emotion do all of the following except:
intrude on one another’s privacy.
frequently express negative emotions toward each other.
show hostility toward each other.
indicate approval of one another’s actions.
Question If observations of a relationship between “expressed emotion” in families and recovery from schizophrenia demonstrate cause-and-effect, one would predict that relapse would be least common in schizophrenics whose families:
frequently express criticism, and do not allow much privacy.
frequently express criticism, and allow a good deal of privacy.
infrequently express criticism, and do not allow much privacy.
infrequently express criticism, and allow a good deal of privacy.
Question Schizophrenia researchers have been:
about equally successful in identifying biological and psychological origins of schizophrenia.
more successful in identifying biological origins than psychological origins of schizophrenia.
more successful in identifying psychological origins than biological origins of schizophrenia.
frustratingly unsuccessful in identifying either biological or psychological origins of schizophrenia.
Question In reality, the person labeled “schizophrenic” was suffering from a major depressive disorder. Most likely, this misdiagnosis occurred in the United States in the:
mid-1800s.
late-1800s.
mid-1900s.
late 1900s.
Question Who was the first physician responsible for developing the prefrontal lobotomy for use on human patients?
Egas Moniz
Eliot Valenstein
Walter Freeman
Carlyle Jacobsen
Question The technique for treating mental patients that was pioneered by Egas Moniz was:
ECS therapy.
the lobotomy.
the use of drugs.
the cingulotomy.
Question The Americans Walter Freeman and James Watts “improved” the procedure developed by Egas Moniz by developing the:
prefrontal lobotomy.
prefrontal leucotomy.
transorbital lobotomy.
complete prefrontal lobectomy.
Question One who had a needle inserted into the brain through the eye socket and then rotated in order to destroy brain tissue, experienced a:
prefrontal lobotomy.
transorbital lobotomy.
singular nigra lobotomy.
facial-cranial lobotomy.
Question Why was lobotomy so enthusiastically accepted by the medical community in the 1940s and 1950s?
it was based on sound experimental studies with animals
it was practiced by eminent physicians
it had relatively few and mild side effects
it could be used to control criminals as well as mental patients
Question The chief contribution of Philippe Pinel to the care of those with severe mental illnesses was to:
develop state hospitals for those who couldn’t afford private care.
use antipsychotic drugs in highly controlled settings.
treat patients with sympathy and kindness.
promote deinstitutionalization.
Question What was the dominant way of dealing with schizophrenic people during the first half of the 20th century?
Institutionalization
outpatient services
individual psychotherapy
treatment with neuroleptic drugs
Question “Most schizophrenics were institutionalized in public hospitals and received only the basic necessities of life. Mostly patients were ignored, but sometimes abused.” These statements are most characteristic of treatment in the U.S. in the year:
1750.
1845.
1945.
1990.
Question Which of the following is true of state mental hospitals in the U.S. in the mid-20th century?
They were built as places to warehouse, isolate, and punish mental patients.
They were built in large cities so patients could stay in contact with the “real” world.
They were overcrowded and understaffed.
Although successful treatments were available, they were too expensive to be used.
Question Most patients who lived on the back wards of state mental hospitals in the mid-1900’s:
had schizophrenia.
were given individual “talk” therapy to no avail.
interacted well with each other but not with staff members.
were in fact violent criminals.
Question
The usual way of dealing with troublesome or violent schizophrenic people in institutions in the first half of the 20th century was to:
use drugs.
beat them.
ignore them.
use physical restraint.
QuestionIn 1950, a state mental hospital patient confined to a back ward initially made good progress in therapy, and was diagnosed as suffering from major depressive disorder. Compared to others confined in back wards in the 1950s, this patient was:
typical: most back ward patients then were not schizophrenic, and made good initial progress in therapy.
a bit atypical: most back ward patients then were not schizophrenic, and did not make good initial progress in therapy.
a bit atypical: most back ward patients then made good initial progress in therapy, and were schizophrenic.
very atypical: most back ward patients then did not make good initial progress in therapy, and were schizophrenic.
QuestionHumanistic theorists propose that institutionalized patients deteriorate because they are deprived of opportunities to develop self-respect and independence. The therapy that counters this effect by creating an environment that encourages self-respect and responsibility is known as:
token therapy.
social therapy.
milieu therapy.
environmental enhancement.
QuestionMilieu therapy is based primarily on the principles of psychology.
cognitive
behavioural
humanistic
psychodynamic
QuestionIf one were treated by therapists who believed that patients needed to live in a social climate that promoted productive activity, self-respect, and individual responsibility, one would be likely to be living in the:
1920s.
1930s.
1940s.
1950s.
QuestionMaxwell Jones is best known as the one who:
unchained the insane in Paris.
established public mental hospitals in the U.S.
developed a therapeutic community in London.
opened up the back wards in Philadelphia.
QuestionNo longer chained in an asylum, the U.S. citizen now lives in a large, state-run mental hospital just constructed in a rural area. Most likely, the year is:
1793.
1872.
1967.
2008.
QuestionThe progressive director of a large, state-run mental hospital in the United States has just read about “milieu therapy,” developed in London, England a couple of years earlier. The director immediately begins a milieu therapy program. Most likely, the year is:
1957.
1866.
1919.
2001.
QuestionWhich (humanistic) therapy is based on the premise that when you change the social environment you change the patient?
milieu therapy
insight therapy
family therapy
the token economy
QuestionA patient (called a resident) who lives in a therapeutic community and actively works with staff members to create a life that is as much like that outside the hospital as possible, is probably receiving therapy.
token economy
custodial
milieu
lobotomy
Question A token economy approach to treatment is based on principles from the view of abnormal behavior.
cognitive
biological
behavioral
humanistic
QuestionWhat is the token in behavioral terms?
a stimulus
motivation
a reward
punishment
Question What is the best example of a token in everyday life?
food
money
power
shelter
Question Tokens:
are given by patients to other patients whom they admire.
can be exchanged for a variety of reinforcers.
are given as punishment when one behaves unacceptably.
have a great street value.
Question A third-grade teacher gives students stickers throughout the day when they engage in appropriate behaviors. At the end of the day, students can trade in their stickers for treats from the class “treasure chest.” This program is most similar to which form of therapy used for institutionalized people with schizophrenia?
milieu therapy
insight therapy
token economy
partial hospitalization
QuestionIf you wanted the therapy that would be most likely to reduce your psychotic symptoms and get you out of the mental hospital, you would want:
custodial care.
milieu therapy.
a token economy program.
insight therapy.
QuestionIn the late 1950s, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia on one ward in a state mental hospital began making substantial progress. They became more active, their symptoms decreased, and within a few years, almost all of them had moved on to sheltered-care facilities, or other care outside the hospital. Most likely, they had been:
receiving atypical antipsychotic drugs.
participants in a well-controlled lobotomy study.
in milieu therapy.
in a token economy.
Question“Yes, the client’s behaviors are appropriate—and that’s a big step in the right direction—but have you changed the thought processes that are also part of the schizophrenia?” Most likely, this remark is said in support—but also criticism—of:
milieu therapy.
family therapy.
a token economy.
deinstitutionalization.
QuestionWhich of the following best describes the effectiveness of token economy strategies?
They are ineffective in the long run.
They are reversing the progress of schizophrenia.
They are successful at changing the patient’s behavior.
They are successful in altering the patient’s distorted thinking.
QuestionWhat is the concern over the quality of the changes produced by token economies?
Many studies of token economies are methodologically flawed.
Some patients can function in normal life but deteriorate in the hospital.
The skills learned in the hospital may not generalize to the outside world.
The person may have learned new behaviors without changing his or her distorted thinking.
Question The first of the important group of antipsychotic drugs, the phenothiazines, was developed during the:
1940s.
1950s.
1960s.
1970s.
QuestionThe first antipsychotic drug to be approved for use in the U.S. was:
Haldol.
Prozac.
Thorazine.
Mellaril.
Question Antipsychotic drugs were discovered accidentally when researchers were trying to develop:
antihistamines.
analgesics.
sedatives.
antibiotics.
Question The discovery of antihistamine drugs in the 1940s indirectly led to the development of:
lithium.
antianxiety drugs.
antipsychotic drugs.
antidepressant drugs.
Question The term neuroleptic is applied to drugs that:
cure psychosis.
cure schizophrenia.
have potency against depression.
can mimic symptoms of neurological disorders.
QuestionVery high dopamine activity is related to:
anxiety disorders.
addictive behavior.
Parkinson’s disease.
schizophrenic disorders.
Question The neuroleptic action of many drugs appears to depend on the ability to interfere with the activity of:
GABA.
dopamine.
serotonin.
norepinephrine.
QuestionAntipsychotic drugs reduce symptoms by:
blocking transmission of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
enabling the body to decrease the number of dopamine receptor sites.
causing serotonin and other neurotransmitters to occupy dopamine sites.
reducing the total amount of dopamine circulating in the body.
Question If you could use only one treatment for schizophrenia and wanted the most effective treatment, you should choose:
antipsychotic drugs.
psychodynamic therapy.
milieu therapy.
electroconvulsive therapy.
Question
The powerful drug helps about two-thirds of the people who take it, and about 10% of those who take it long-term develop tardive dyskinesia. Most likely, the drug is:
an atypical antipsychotic drug.
an antihallucinogenic drug.
a hallucinogenic drug.
a conventional antipsychotic drug.
QuestionA well-controlled clinical study of a commonly-used antipsychotic drug shows improvement in about 70% of those taking the drug after about six months of treatment. Those running the study:
can stop the study, since most improvement with antipsychotic drugs occurs within six months.
can stop the study, since most improvement with antipsychotic drugs occurs within six months, although participants should keep taking the drug, to prevent relapse.
should continue the study for at least another six months, since much of the improvement with antipsychotic drugs occurs only after six or more months of the drug.
must stop the study, since six months is far too long to take most antipsychotic drugs continuously.
Question If one were taking antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia, one would expect the drugs to:
be most effective against the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
be most effective after about six months.
be given in higher doses to women than to men.
need to be taken even after symptoms have been alleviated.
Question The schizophrenic symptom most likely to be relieved by antipsychotic drugs is:
delusions.
flat affect.
lack of speech.
lack of purpose.
Question Why aren’t atypical antipsychotic drugs universally prescribed for people with schizophrenia? After all, more people with schizophrenia show improvement with atypical antipsychotic drugs than with conventional antipsychotics.
On average, atypicals produce more cases of tardive dyskinesia.
On average, atypicals cause more extrapyramidal symptoms.
Most atypicals produce life-threatening agranulocytosis.
On average, atypicals cost more.
Question Compared to African Americans, white Americans are:
more likely to receive conventional antipsychotic drugs for both schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
more likely to receive conventional antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia, and more likely to receive atypical antipsychotic drugs for other psychotic disorders.
more likely to receive atypical antipsychotic drugs for both schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
more likely to receive atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia, and more likely to receive conventional antipsychotic drugs for other psychotic disorders.
Question One of the unwanted and delayed side effects of antipsychotic medications is:
paralysis.
hyperactivity.
tardive dyskinesia.
Parkinson’s disease.
Question After starting treatment with antipsychotic drugs, tardive dyskinesia typically requires at least to develop.
a week
a month
a year
a decade
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