Genetics of Cellular Function
Genetics of Cellular Function
1. Naked DNA is called chromatin. True False
2. DNA is composed of double-ring nitrogenous bases, whereas RNA is composed of single-ringnitrogenous
bases.
True False
3. A gene can be defined as an information-containing segment of RNA that codes for the production of a polypeptide.
True False
4. Although all cells synthesize phospholipids, there are no genes for phospholipids. True False
5. DNA never migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to participate directly in protein synthesis.
True False
6. The enzyme RNA polymerase participates in translation. True False
7. There are three codons that do not code for any amino acid.
True False
8. All proteins made by the ribosomes are exported from a cell for use elsewhere in the body. True False
9. A cell starting prophase has 92 molecules of DNA in its nucleus.
True False
10. After mitosis, each chromosome consists of two parallel filaments called sister chromatids. True False
11. Mitosis is responsible for embryonic development and tissue growth. True False
12. Many genes occur in alternative forms called alleles. True False
13. Phenotype is the result of genetic influences only.
True False
14. Oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes have similar effects on cell division. True False
15. Eye color is a normal polygenic trait.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions
16. DNA is a polymer of , which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a .
A. amino acids; nucleotide
B. nucleic acids; nucleotide
C. nucleotides; nitrogenous base
D. nucleotides; nucleic acid
E. proteins; nucleotide
17. If a DNA molecule were known to be 22% thymine (T), what would be the percentage of guanine (G) present?
A. 8% B. 11% C. 22% D. 28% E. 78%
18. Which of these is the correct sequence from simple to more complex?
A. Chromatin, carbon, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, DNA
B. Carbon, nitrogenous base, nucleotide, chromatin, DNA
C. Chromatin, DNA, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, carbon
D. Carbon, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, chromatin, DNA
E. Carbon, nitrogenous base, nucleotide, DNA, chromatin
19. A is composed of a granular cluster of eight proteins called with DNA wound around them.
A. nucleosome; centrosomes
B. nucleosome; histones
C. chromosome; histones
D. chromosome; centromeres
E. centromere; chromatin
20. What is the complementary DNA base sequence to the DNA strand TGCCAT?
A. TGCCAT
B. UGCCAU
C. ACGGTA
D. ACGGUA
E. ACCGTA
21. A contains the necessary information for the production of a molecule of RNA.
A. genome
B. gene
C. nucleotide
D. genetic code
E. codon
22. What is all of the DNA in a set of 23 chromosomes referred to as?
A. A centromere
B. A chromatid
C. The karyotype
D. The phenotype
E. The genome
23. The human genome consists of approximately pairs of nucleotides.
A. 3 billion
B. 3 million
C. 300,000
D. 3000
24. Copying genetic information from DNA into RNA is called ; using the information contained in mRNA to make a polypeptide is called .
A. transcription; translation
B. translation; transcription
C. DNA replication; translation
D. DNA duplication; transcription
E. DNA translation; RNA transcription
25. Which of the following is not directly involved in translation?
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. tRNA
D. rRNA
E. Ribosomes
26. Transcription occurs in the , but most translation occurs in the .
A. nucleus; cytoplasm
B. nucleus; nucleolus
C. cytoplasm; nucleus
D. nucleolus; cytoplasm
E. nucleolus; rough endoplasmic reticulum
27. are turned on or off by regulatory proteins in accordance with changing needs for the
they encode.
A. Enzymes; products
B. Ribosomes; proteins
C. Genes; proteins
D. Proteins; genes
E. Genes; ribosomes
28. Anticodons, codons, and base triplets correspond to respectively.
A. tRNA, DNA, and mRNA
B. DNA, tRNA, and mRNA
C. tRNA, mRNA, and DNA
D. DNA, RNA, and pre-mRNA
E. RNA, DNA, and pre-mRNA
29. After translation, a protein may undergo structural changes called modifications.
A. splicing
B. posttranscriptional
C. posttranslational
D. polyribosomal
E. secretory
30. Since there are no genes coding for carbohydrates, nucleic acids, or lipids, how do cells produce them?
A. Enzymes encoded by genes synthesize these products.
B. Cells are born with all the products they need.
C. Cells absorb these products by endocytosis.
D. Cells import these products from older cells.
E. Cells can produce carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids out of proteins.
31. The genetic code is the link between the and the that they represent.
A. DNA molecule; 20 amino acids
B. DNA molecule; 64 amino acids
C. mRNA anticodons; 20 amino acids
D. mRNA codons; 64 amino acids
E. mRNA codons; 20 amino acids
32. You were able to radioactively tag and thereby trace an amino acid that is used to make insulin, a hormone that will be exported out of the cell. The pathway of the tagged amino acid would be .
A. free ribosome ? cytosol ? vesicle ? extracellular fluid
B. rough ER ? Golgi complex ? Golgi vesicle ? extracellular fluid
C. rough ER ? smooth ER ? Golgi complex ? Golgi vesicle ? extracellular fluid
D. smooth ER ? Golgi complex ? Golgi vesicle ? extracellular fluid
E. smooth ER ? Golgi complex ? lysosome ? extracellular fluid
33. The gene coding for a polypeptide made of 51 amino acids would have a minimum of bases.
A. 20
B. 51
C. 102
D. 153
34. Which of the following is the template for transcription?
A. The molecule that carries codons
B. The molecule that carries anticodons
C. The molecule that carries base triplets
D. The molecule that carries amino acids
E. The molecule that carries tRNA
35. What is the product of translation?
A. A newly synthesized amino acid
B. A newly synthesized polypeptide
C. A newly synthesized nucleic acid
D. An mRNA
E. A tRNA
36. Which molecule contains anticodons?
A. An mRNA
B. A DNA molecule
C. A tRNA
D. An rRNA
E. A cDNA
37. DNA polymerase is most active during which phase of the cell cycle?
A. S
B. G1
C. G2
D. M
E. G0
38. The G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called .
A. interphase
B. telophase
C. cytokinesis
D. prophase
E. anaphase
39. All of the following participate in DNA replication except .
A. DNA
B. ribosomes
C. DNA ligase
D. DNA helicase
E. DNA polymerase
40. Cytokinesis overlaps with which phase of mitosis?
A. The S phase
B. Telophase
C. Metaphase
D. Prophase
E. Interphase
41. A mutation is .
A. a change in size or shape of a cell
B. a beneficial change in DNA structure
C. a harmful change in DNA structure
D. a neutral change in DNA structure
E. a change in DNA structure that might be beneficial, harmful, or neutral
42. DNA replication is called semiconservative because .
A. each daughter DNA consists of one new helix and one old helix
B. each daughter DNA consists of one new nucleotide and one old nucleotide
C. each daughter DNA consists of one new chromatid and one old chromatid
D. each daughter cell receives one new chromatid and one old chromatid
E. each daughter cell receives one new helix and one old helix
43. opens up one segment of the DNA helix during replication; adds complementary free nucleotides to the exposed DNA strand.
A. DNA ligase; DNA helicase
B. DNA helicase; DNA polymerase
C. DNA ligase; DNA polymerase
D. DNA helicase; DNA ligase
E. DNA polymerase; DNA ligase
44. Which of these cannot cause a mutation?
A. Radiation
B. A virus
C. A chemical
D. A mistake made by the DNA polymerase
E. A mistake made by the RNA polymerase
45. Cell division is stimulated by and suppressed by .
A. mitosis; cytokinesis
B. mitosis; contact inhibition
C. cell size; cytokinesis
D. growth factors; contact inhibition
E. cell size; contact inhibition
46. The stage at which chromosomes aggregate along the equator of a cell is .
A. prophase
B. metaphase
C. anaphas e
D. telophase
E. interphase
47. Which of these processes occurs during a cell’s first gap (G1) phase?
A. DNA is semiconservatively replicated.
B. The nuclear envelope breaks down.
C. The cell synthesizes the enzymes that control mitosis.
D. The cell synthesizes proteins and grows.
E. The chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
48. Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of a cell during of the cell cycle.
A. the S phase
B. the G2 phase
C. prophas e
D. metaphase
E. anaphase
49. Chromatin shortens and thickens, coiling into compact rods during of mitosis.
A. telophase
B. anaphas e
C. interphase
D. prophase
E. metaphase
50. Which of the following omits some stage(s) of the cell cycle?
A. G1, S, G2, mitosis
B. Interphase, mitosis
C. G1, DNA replication, G2, mitosis
D. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
E. Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
51. A karyotype shows the chromosomes sorted and isolated from a cell in .
A. 23; interphase
B. 23; metaphase
C. 46; prophase
D. 46; metaphase
E. 46; S phase
52. Which of these is not found in the karyotype of a normal human male?
A. 46 chromosomes
B. 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
C. X and Y chromosomes
D. 46 chromatids
E. 92 DNA molecules
53. A cell finishing mitosis has DNA molecules, while a cell finishing DNA replication has
DNA molecules.
A. 46; 46
B. 46; 92
C. 46; 23
D. 23; 46
E. 23; 23
54. If one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another, we say that it isa(an) allele.
A. homozygous
B. heterozygous
C. recessiv e
D. dominant
E. suppressed
55. Hemophilia is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. This means that .
A. women can be carriers but cannot get hemophilia
B. the gene is found on the Y chromosome
C. a man can give the allele to his son but not to his daughter
D. a son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his mother
E. a son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his father
56. Eye color is caused by genes at multiple loci. This phenomenon is called .
A. pleiotropy
B. sex linkage
C. polygenic inheritance
D. incomplete dominance
E. multiple carriers
57. Germ cells have unpaired chromosomes and are thus called cells.
A. 23; somatic
B. 23; haploid (n)
C. 23; diploid (2n)
D. 46; somatic
E. 46; diploid (2n)
58. The allele for cleft chin (C) is dominant to the allele for uncleft chin (c). A male and female who are both heterozygous for cleft chin have a child. What is the chance that this child will have an uncleft chin?
A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E. 100%
59. The alleles possessed by all members of a population collectively are called the .
A. species DNA
B. population DNA
C. gene pool
D. genetic drift
E. phenotype
60. In familial hypercholesterolemia, individuals with two abnormal alleles die of heart attacks in childhood, those with only one abnormal allele typically die as young adults, and those with two normal alleles have normal life expectancies. This exemplifies
A. penetrance
B. codominance
C. pleiotropy
D. complete dominance
E. incomplete dominance
61. All of the body’s nonreproductive cells, called , usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes and are thus called cells.
A. germ cells; haploid (n)
B. germ cells; diploid (2n)
C. somatic cells; haploid (n)
D. somatic cells; diploid (2n)
62. Which of the following is not found in RNA?
A. Thymine
B. Uracil
C. Ribose
D. Guanine
63. Genes produce their products .
A. as their products are needed or not
B. at a steady rate all the time
C. only when the appropriate hormone is present
D. when the transcription activator is inhibited by an extracellular signal
64. Cells undergo division when which of the following conditions have been met?
A. They have grown large enough and replicated their DNA
B. They are still growing and have ample nutrients
C. They are stimulated by growth factors and neighboring cells are squeezed tightly against them
D. They have grown large enough and neighboring cells are squeezed tightly against them
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