Sense Organs
Sense Organs
1. Transduction begins with an action potential in a sensory receptor. True False
2. Sensory receptors sense only stimuli external to the body, such as light, sound waves, olfaction, and touch.
True False
3. Most somesthetic signals in the right side of the body reach the cerebral cortex in the contralateral primary somesthetic area.
True False
4. Fast pain is a localized response mediated by myelinated nerve fibers. True False
5. Divergent sensory pathways explain the phenomenon of referred pain.
True False
6. Olfaction results from the stimulation of chemoreceptors. True False
7. Gustatory signals travel from the tongue through the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.
True False
8. The ossicles belong to the middle ear. True False
9. The macula sacculi is nearly horizontal and the macula utriculi is nearly vertical.
True False
10. The vestibule contains organs of hearing and equilibrium. True False
11. The middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber.
True False
12. The cornea belongs to the tunica fibrosa (fibrous layer) of the eyeball. True False
13. Light falling on the retina is absorbed by rhodopsin and photopsin in the pigment epithelium. True False
14. Rods secrete glutamate from the base of the cell when exposed to light.
True False
15. Vitamin A is necessary for the synthesis of rhodopsin. True False
Multiple Choice Questions
16. The output energy of all receptors is a type of energy.
A. chemical
B. mechanical
C. thermal
D. electrical
E. nuclear
17. The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically called a(an)
A. action potential
B. graded potential
C. local potential
D. sensory potential
E. receptor potential
18. What is a sensation?
A. A response of a sensory receptor
B. A response of a sensory organ
C. A subjective awareness of a stimulus
D. An unconscious response to a stimulus
E. A response to any conscious stimulus
19. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH are detected by .
A. thermoreceptors
B. chemoreceptors
C. nocicepors
D. mechanoreceptors
E. proprioceptors
20. Changes in blood pressure are detected by in certain arteries.
A. mechanoreceptors
B. chemoreceptors
C. proprioceptors
D. nociceptors
E. thermoreceptors
21. You can smell the fragrance of your deodorant when you just put it on, but after a little while the smell fades. What explains this phenomenon?
A. The sensory projection of olfaction
B. The projection pathway of olfaction
C. The tonic nature of olfaction
D. The phasic nature of olfaction
E. The fast adaptation of the primary olfactory cortex to the smell of your deodorant
22. Which organ does not have nociceptors?
A. Brain
B. Heart
C. Kidney
D. Liver
E. Stomach
23. Pain, heat, and cold are detected by .
A. tactile discs
B. tactile corpuscles
C. lamellar corpuscles
D. free nerve endings
E. end bulbs
24. Which of the following is not an analgesic (pain reliever) found naturally in the central nervous system?
A. Endogenous opioid
B. Dynorphin
C. Enkephalins
D. Endorphins
E. Bradykinin
25. Where do most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with third-order neurons?
A. Midbrain
B. Thalamus
C. Spinothalamic tract
D. Hypothalamus
E. Postcentral gyrus
26. Which of the following is not involved with spinal gating of pain signals?
A. Nociceptors
B. The spinothalamic tract
C. Lower motor neurons
D. Second-order neurons
E. The reticulospinal tract
27. In a taste bud, which cell produces a receptor potential?
A. Taste hairs
B. Sensory nerve fibers
C. Supporting cells
D. Basal cells
E. Gustatory cells
28. Which of the following structures is visible to the naked eye?
A. Lingual papilla
B. Taste (gustatory) cell
C. Taste hair
D. Taste bud
E. Taste pore
29. Which taste sensation is produced by amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid?
A. Salty
B. Umami
C. Bitter
D. Sweet
E. Sour
30. What do pheromones stimulate?
A. Hair cells
B. Supporting cells
C. Taste cells
D. Olfactory cells
E. Olfactory glands
31. Where is the primary olfactory cortex located?
A. Parietal lobe
B. Insula
C. Occipital lobe
D. Frontal lobe
E. Temporal lobe
32. What is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus?
A. Touch
B. Olfaction
C. Gustation
D. Vision
E. Equilibrium
33. The human ear can detect what frequency of vibrations?
A. 5 to 20 Hz
B. 10 to 10,000 Hz
C. 20 to 20,000 Hz
D. 5 to 200,000 Hz
E. 100 to 100,000 Hz
34. Which of the following structures belong to the inner ear?
A. Tympanic membrane
B. Helix
C. Incus
D. Semicircular duct
E. Tensor tympani muscle
35. Which of the following structures houses the spiral organ?
A. Cochlea
B. Vestibule
C. Semicircular duct
D. Stapes
E. Tympanic cavity
36. The incus articulates with which bone(s)?
A. Malleus and stapes
B. Malleus
C. Stapes
D. Malleus, stapes, and temporal
E. Malleus, stapes, and tympanic
37. Which structure acts as a transducer in the spiral organ?
A. Stereocilium
B. Inner hair cell
C. Tectorial membrane
D. Round window
E. Basilar membrane
38. The spiral organ is housed within which of the following structures?
A. Scala vestibuli
B. Scala tympani
C. Cochlear duct
D. Anterior semicircular duct
E. Vestibule
39. Which structure allows upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity?
A. Oval window
B. Cochlear duct
C. Auditory canal
D. Auditory (eustachian) tube
E. Tympanic cavity
40. Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following which pathway?
A. Cochlear duct ? spiral organ ? ossicles ? oval window ? auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ?
fibers of cochlear nerve
B. Auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? oval window ? cochlear duct ? ossicles ? spiral organ ?
fibers of cochlear nerve
C. Cochlear duct ? oval window ? auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? ossicles ? spiral organ ?
fibers of cochlear nerve
D. Tympanic membrane ? auditory canal ? ossicles ? oval window ? cochlear duct ? spiral organ ?
fibers of cochlear nerve
E. Auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? ossicles ? oval window ? cochlear duct ? spiral organ ?
fibers of cochlear nerve
41. Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise?
A. Ossicles
B. Cochlear hair cells
C. Tympanic membrane
D. Fibers of the cochlear nerve
E. Tectorial membrane
42. Each upward movement of the basilar membrane causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening gates.
A. K+
B. Na+
C. Ca2+
D. Cl-
E. Mg2+
43. A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause which of the following to occur?
A. The tectorial membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end
B. The tectorial membrane to vibrate vigorously near its proximal end
C. The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its proximal end
D. The basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end
E. The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end
44. When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your .
A. cochlea
B. saccule
C. semicircular ducts
D. utricle
E. spiral organ
45. When you travel in an elevator, what senses when the elevator is moving?
A. The inner hair cells of the basilar membrane
B. The outer hair cells of the basilar membrane
C. The hair cells of the tectorial membrane
D. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula utriculi
E. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi
46. What is the crista ampullaris associated with?
A. Static equilibrium when standing still
B. Static acceleration in linear acceleration
C. Dynamic equilibrium in angular acceleration
D. Hearing high-pitch sounds
E. Vision related to color
47. Which of the following does not contribute to the sense of equilibrium?
A. Otolithic membrane
B. Semicircular canals
C. Saccule
D. Utricle
E. Vallate papillae
48. What is the correct order of cells in the retina from back to front?
A. Photoreceptor – bipolar – ganglion
B. Ganglion – bipolar – photoreceptor
C. Photoreceptor – ganglion – bipolar
D. Ganglion – photoreceptor – bipolar
49. Human vision is limited to wavelengths ranging from nm.
A. 4 to 70 B. 40 to 700
C. 400 to 700
D. 400 to 7,000
E. 4,000 to 7,000
50. Which of the following is not considered an accessory structure of the eye?
A. Conjunctiva
B. Palpebra
C. Lacrimal apparatus
D. Superior oblique
E. Cornea
51. Which of the following is not considered an optic component of the eye?
A. Aqueous humor
B. Vitreous body
C. Lens
D. Retina
E. Cornea
52. Glaucoma is a state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the is obstructed so the aqueous humor is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted.
A. scleral venous sinus
B. posterior chamber
C. anterior chamber
D. lacrimal punctum
E. tarsal gland opening
53. Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve.
A. macula lutea
B. optic disc
C. fovea centralis
D. ora serrata
E. lens
54. When you view objects close to the eye, the eye makes an adjustment called .
A. emmetropia
B. accommodation
C. refraction
D. myopia
E. diplopia
55. An eye with which of the following conditions does not need a corrective lens to focus the image?
A. Hyperopia
B. Myopia
C. Presbyopia
D. Emmetropia
E. Astigmatism
56. Which cells are responsible for photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision?
A. Bipolar cells
B. Rods
C. Cones
D. Ganglion cells
E. Pigment cells
57. What event causes rhodopsin to go from violet to clear in color?
A. Cis-retinal straightens to become trans-retinal
B. Cis-retinal bends to become trans-retinal
C. Trans-retinal straightens to become cis-retinal
D. Trans-retinal bends to become cis-retinal
58. Why do cones exhibit less neuronal convergence than rods?
A. Rods cannot distinguish different colors from each other.
B. Rods do not function in bright light.
C. No images are perceived within the optic disc.
D. Cones do not detect black and white.
E. Photopic vision has higher resolution than scotopic vision.
59. What are the only retinal cells that produce action potentials?
A. Rods
B. Cones
C. Ganglion cells
D. Bipolar cells
E. Horizontal cells
60. Which of the following describes the duplicity theory of vision?
A. A single type of receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution.
B. Cones and rods are responsible for both photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision.
C. Cones are responsible for both photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision.
D. Light adaptation and dark adaptation are adjustments in vision to changing light intensities.
E. There are short-wavelength cones and long-wavelength cones.
61. What are the first-order neurons in the visual pathway?
A. Optic nerve fibers
B. Rods and cones
C. Ganglion cells
D. Bipolar cells
E. Amacrine cells
62. Half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate at the .
A. superior colliculus
B. optic chiasm
C. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
D. optic foramen
E. midbrain
63. Adjustment to close-range vision involves all of the following except .
A. activity of the extrinsic eye muscles
B. change in the curvature of the lens
C. constriction of the pupil
D. ciliary muscle activity
E. light adaptation
64. Which of the following are unencapsulated endings?
A. Free nerve endings
B. Tactile corpuscles
C. End bulbs
D. Muscle spindles
65. Which of the following correctly describes the vestibular projection pathway to the brain?
A. Vestibular nerve – vestibulocochlear nerve – vestibular nuclei – thalamus – cerebral cortex
B. Vestibulocochlear nerve – vestibular nerve – vestibular nuclei – thalamus – cerebral cortex
C. Vestibular nerve – vestibulocochlear nerve – thalamus – vestibular nuclei – cerebral cortex
D. Vestibulocochlear nerve – vestibular nerve – thalamus – vestibular nuclei – cerebral cortex
66. The three types of cones in the retina are differentiated from one another by what feature?
A. The absorption peak of their photopsin
B. The width of their outer segment
C. Whether they contain cis-retinal or trans-retinal or both
D. The number of discs in their outer segment
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