Principles Of Technology Ethics. 2. Hacking 3. Cyber Terrorism subjects of their own interest, from weekly chapter readings. They are to write an APA style 3 page minimum synthesizing those

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Basic Marketing

Lecture Script 6-*

Stockholder Theory

Managers are agents of the stockholders

Their only ethical responsibility is to increase the profits of the business without violating the law or engaging in fraudulent practices

Social Contract Theory

Companies have ethical responsibilities to all members of society, who allow corporations
to exist

Stakeholder Theory

Managers have an ethical responsibility to manage a firm for the benefit of all its stakeholders

Stakeholders are all individuals and groups that have a stake in, or claim on, a company

*

Proportionality

The good achieved by the technology must outweigh the harm or risk; there must be no alternative that achieves the same or comparable benefits with less harm or risk

Informed Consent

Those affected by the technology should understand and accept the risks

Justice

The benefits and burdens of the technology should be distributed fairly.

Those who benefit should bear their fair share of the risks, and those who do not benefit should not suffer a significant increase in risk

Minimized Risk

Even if judged acceptable by the other three guidelines, the technology must be implemented so as to avoid all unnecessary risk

*

Denial of Service

Hammering a website’s equipment with too
many requests for information

Clogging the system, slowing performance,
or crashing the site

Scans

Widespread probes of the Internet to determine types of computers, services, and connections

Looking for weaknesses

Trojan House

A program that, unknown to the user, contains instructions that exploit a known vulnerability
in some software

Back Doors

A hidden point of entry to be used in case the original entry point is detected or blocked

Malicious Applets

Tiny Java programs that misuse your computer’s resources, modify files on the hard disk, send fake email, or steal passwords

War Dialing

Programs that automatically dial thousands of telephone numbers in search of a way in through a modem connection

Logic Bombs

An instruction in a computer program that triggers a malicious act

Buffer Overflow

Crashing or gaining control of a computer by sending too much data to buffer memory

Password Crackers

Software that can guess passwords

Social Engineering

Gaining access to computer systems by talking unsuspecting company employees out of
valuable information, such as passwords

Dumpster Diving

Sifting through a company’s garbage to find information to help break into their computers

*

Most involve theft of money

The majority are “inside jobs” that involve unauthorized network entry and alternation of computer databases to cover the tracks of the employees involved

Many attacks occur through the Internet

Most companies don’t reveal that they have been targets or victims of cybercrime

*

The National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) puts a much finer point

on the definition of the term:

the use of information technology by terrorist groups and individuals to further their

agenda. This can include use of information technology to organize and execute attacks

against networks, computer systems and telecommunications infrastructures, or for

exchanging information or making threats electronically.

*

Software Piracy

Unauthorized copying of computer programs

Licensing

Purchasing software is really a payment for a license for fair use

Site license allows a certain number of copies

A third of the software industry’s revenues are lost to piracy

Software companies are reluctant to pursue the educational market due to concerns that

several copies of purchased software may lead to millions of copies of illegal software,

produced “in the name of educating children.”

*

Intellectual Property

Copyrighted material

Music, videos, images, articles, books, software

Copyright Infringement is Illegal

Peer-to-peer networking techniques have made it easy to trade pirated intellectual property

Publishers Offer Inexpensive Online Music

Illegal downloading of music and video is down and continues to drop

*

Adware

Software that purports to serve a useful purpose, and often does

Allows advertisers to display pop-up and banner ads without the consent of the computer users

Spyware

Adware that uses an Internet connection in the background, without the user’s permission
or knowledge

Captures information about the user and sends it over the Internet

*

Spamming

Indiscriminate sending of unsolicited email messages to many Internet users

Flaming

Sending extremely critical, derogatory, and often vulgar email messages or newsgroup posting to other users on the Internet or online services

Especially prevalent on special-interest newsgroups

*

Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)

Disorders suffered by people who sit at a PC or terminal and do fast-paced repetitive keystroke jobs

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Painful, crippling ailment of the hand and wrist

Typically requires surgery to cure

Ergonomics

Designing healthy work environments

Safe, comfortable, and pleasant for people
to work in

Increases employee morale and productivity

Also called human factors engineering

*

Denial of service attacks depend on three layers of networked computer systems

The victim’s website

The victim’s Internet service provider

Zombie or slave computers that have been commandeered by the cybercriminals

Defense

At Zombie Machines

Set and enforce security policies

Scan for vulnerabilities

At the ISP

Monitor and block traffic spikes

At the Victim’s Website

Create backup servers and network connections

*

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Basic Marketing

Lecture Script 6-*

Stockholder Theory

Managers are agents of the stockholders

Their only ethical responsibility is to increase the profits of the business without violating the law or engaging in fraudulent practices

Social Contract Theory

Companies have ethical responsibilities to all members of society, who allow corporations
to exist

Stakeholder Theory

Managers have an ethical responsibility to manage a firm for the benefit of all its stakeholders

Stakeholders are all individuals and groups that have a stake in, or claim on, a company

*

Proportionality

The good achieved by the technology must outweigh the harm or risk; there must be no alternative that achieves the same or comparable benefits with less harm or risk

Informed Consent

Those affected by the technology should understand and accept the risks

Justice

The benefits and burdens of the technology should be distributed fairly.

Those who benefit should bear their fair share of the risks, and those who do not benefit should not suffer a significant increase in risk

Minimized Risk

Even if judged acceptable by the other three guidelines, the technology must be implemented so as to avoid all unnecessary risk

*

Denial of Service

Hammering a website’s equipment with too
many requests for information

Clogging the system, slowing performance,
or crashing the site

Scans

Widespread probes of the Internet to determine types of computers, services, and connections

Looking for weaknesses

Trojan House

A program that, unknown to the user, contains instructions that exploit a known vulnerability
in some software

Back Doors

A hidden point of entry to be used in case the original entry point is detected or blocked

Malicious Applets

Tiny Java programs that misuse your computer’s resources, modify files on the hard disk, send fake email, or steal passwords

War Dialing

Programs that automatically dial thousands of telephone numbers in search of a way in through a modem connection

Logic Bombs

An instruction in a computer program that triggers a malicious act

Buffer Overflow

Crashing or gaining control of a computer by sending too much data to buffer memory

Password Crackers

Software that can guess passwords

Social Engineering

Gaining access to computer systems by talking unsuspecting company employees out of
valuable information, such as passwords

Dumpster Diving

Sifting through a company’s garbage to find information to help break into their computers

*

Most involve theft of money

The majority are “inside jobs&#x201D

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