A patient sustained a spinal cord injury has developed autonomic hyperreflexia
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
A patient sustained a spinal cord injury has developed autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia). Which of the following must be given to prevent possible complications?
A short-acting antihypertensive.
Norepineprine.
Lasix.
Vancomycin.
Question 2The pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease involves accumulation of protein leading for formation of , which is the major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer disease.
Select the option with the appropriate terms to fill in the spaces.
amyloid beta; neuritic plaque.
gamma secretase; neurofibrillary tangle.
tau; neuritic plaque.
Alpha-synuclein; Lewy bodies.
Question 3Which of the following statements is false about the differences between bacterial meningitis and viral meningitis?
Bacterial meningitis affects the pia matter, subarachnoid space, and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) while viral infection is limited to the meninges.
The clinical manifestations of bacterial meningitis are mild and localized while those of viral infections are severe and systemic.
Bacterial meningitis treatment requires antibiotic while viral meningitis treatment generally requires supportive care.
Intracranial pressure (ICP) increases in bacterial meningitis due to edema. In viral meningitis, edema does not develop and ICP is normal.
Question 4Which of the following is a manifestation of metabolic alterations in arousal?
Asymmetric, non-reactive pupils.
Absent response to Babinski sign.
Absent deep tendon reflexes.
Asymmetric sensation in limbs.
Question 5A child is diagnosed with pyramidal/spastic cerebral palsy. Which of the following manifestations is not consistent with the diagnosis?
Increased muscle tone.
Prolonged primitive reflexes.
Scoliosis and contractures.
Jerky, involuntary movement.
Question 6Which of the following is correct about cluster breathing?
It is associated with dysfunction of the medulla.
It is characterized by rapid breathing with irregular apnea.
It is characterized by sustained slow but regular breathing.
It is associated with lesions above the midbrain.
Question 7Which of the following is not part of Alzheimer disease pathophysiology?
Brain atrophy.
Enlarged ventricles.
Acetylcholine loss.
Dopamine loss.
Question 8Which of the following is correct about the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis?
Haemophilus influenza is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis.
Meningococcal meningitis occurs predominantly among females.
Pneumococcal meningitis occurs predominantly among older adults.
Bacterial meningitis is limited to the meninges and is not found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Question 9Which of the following is correct about the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS)?
In MS, there are inflammatory changes that affects white matter of the central nervous system but not gray matter.
In MS, there is inflammatory changes in the central nervous system that leads to irreversible demyelination.
The inflammatory changes in MS are limited to specific areas of the central nervous system.
The great majority of patients with MS presents with a primary progressive course of the disease.
Question 10Guillian-Barré syndrome is inflammatory demyelinating disease with motor signs that manifest progressive paralysis.
Select the option with the appropriate terms to fill in the spaces.
An acute; Ascending.
An acute; Descending.
A chronic; Ascending.
A chronic; Descending.
Question 11As a result of spinal cord injury, the central communication with spiral nerves are disturbed leading to a transient and impaired thermal regulation.
Select the option with the appropriate terms to fill in the spaces.
sympathetic; hypotension.
sympathetic; increased preload.
parasympathetic; hypotension.
parasympathetic; increased preload.
Question 12Which of the following is correct about multiple sclerosis (MS)?
MS is an autoimmune disease and occurs predominantly among elderly.
MS is a progressive disease affecting more men than women.
MS is not hereditary disease but family history increases its risk.
MS is a chronic disease affecting blacks and Asians more than whites.
Question 13Guillian-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination of the .
Select the option with the appropriate terms to fill in the spaces.
rapid; peripheral nerves.
slow; brain cells.
rapid; spinal cord.
progressive; spinal cord.
Question 14What is the test of choice used to identify the progression of multiple sclerosis?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis.
White blood cells with differential.
Serial electroencephalography.
Question 15Ataxic respirations are irregular with prolonged periods of associated with damage to the .
Select the option with the appropriate terms to fill in the spaces.
apnea; medulla.
hyperventilation; cortex.
hypoventilation; pons.
apnea; cranial nerve nine (CN) IX.
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