October 4, 2022

Identify a wireless threat and how to mitigate it? Please make sure to write 250 words in APA format with in-text citation. Also you must use at least one scholarly resource. See attached

Identify a wireless threat and how to mitigate it? Please make sure to write 250 words in APA format with in-text citation. Also you must use at least one scholarly resource. See attached document for reference.

Cryptography_fullppt_Chapter-18.pdf

Cryptography and Network Security:

Principles and Practice Eighth Edition

Chapter 18

Wireless Network Security

Wireless Security (1 of 2)

• Some of the key factors contributing to the higher security risk of

wireless networks compared to wired networks include:

• Channel

– Wireless networking typically involves broadcast

communications, which is far more susceptible to

eavesdropping and jamming than wired networks

– Wireless networks are also more vulnerable to active

attacks that exploit vulnerabilities in communications

protocols

• Mobility

– Wireless devices are far more portable and mobile than

wired devices

– This mobility results in a number of risks

Wireless Security (2 of 2)

• Resources

– Some wireless devices, such as smartphones and

tablets, have sophisticated operating systems but

limited memory and processing resources with which to

counter threats, including denial of service and

malware

• Accessibility

– Some wireless devices, such as sensors and robots,

may be left unattended in remote and/or hostile

locations

– This greatly increases their vulnerability to physical

attacks

Figure 18.1 Wireless Networking

Components

Wireless Network Threats (1 of 4)

• Accidental association

– Company wireless LANs in close proximity may create

overlapping transmission ranges

– A user intending to connect to one LAN may

unintentionally lock on to a wireless access point from

a neighboring network

• Malicious association

– In this situation, a wireless device is configured to

appear to be a legitimate access point, enabling the

operator to steal passwords from legitimate users and

then penetrate a wired network through a legitimate

wireless access point

Wireless Network Threats (2 of 4)

• Ad hoc networks

– These are peer-to-peer networks between wireless

computers with no access point between them

– Such networks can pose a security threat due to a lack

of a central point of control

• Nontraditional networks

– Personal network Bluetooth devices, barcode readers,

and handheld PDAs pose a security risk in terms of

both eavesdropping and spoofing

Wireless Network Threats (3 of 4)

• Identity theft (MAC spoofing)

– This occurs when an attacker is able to eavesdrop on

network traffic and identify the MAC address of a

computer with network privileges

• Man-in-the-middle attacks

– This attack involves persuading a user and an access

point to believe that they are talking to each other

when in fact the communication is going through an

intermediate attacking device

– Wireless networks are particularly vulnerable to such

attacks

Wireless Network Threats (4 of 4)

• Denial of service (DoS)

– This attack occurs when an attacker continually

bombards a wireless access point or some other

accessible wireless port with various protocol

messages designed to consume system resources

– The wireless environment lends itself to this type of

attack because it is so easy for the attacker to direct

multiple wireless messages at the target

• Network injection

– This attack targets wireless access points that are

exposed to nonfiltered network traffic, such as routing

protocol messages or network management messages

Securing Wireless Transmissions

• The principal threats to wireless transmission are eavesdropping,

altering or inserting messages, and disruption

• To deal with eavesdropping, two types of countermeasures are

appropriate:

– Signal-hiding techniques

▪ Turn off SSID broadcasting by wireless access points

▪ Assign cryptic names to SSIDs

▪ Reduce signal strength to the lowest level that still provides

requisite coverage

▪ Locate wireless access points in the interior of the building, away from windows and exterior walls

– Encryption

▪ Is effective against eavesdropping to the extent that the

encryption keys are secured

Securing Wireless Access Points

• The main threat involving wireless access points is

unauthorized access to the network

• The principal approach for preventing such access is the

IEEE 802.1x standard for port-based network access

control

– The use of 802.1X can prevent rogue access points

and other unauthorized devices from becoming

insecure backdoors

Securing Wireless Networks

• Use encryption

• Use antivirus, antispyware software and a firewall

• Turn off identifier broadcasting

• Change the identifier on your router from the default

• Change your router’s pre-set password for administration

• Allow only specific computers to access your wireless

network

Mobile Device Security

• Mobile devices have become an essential

element for organizations as part of the

overall network infrastructure

• Prior to the widespread use of

smartphones, network security was based

upon clearly defined perimeters that

separated trusted internal networks from

the untrusted Internet

• Due to massive changes, an organization’s

networks must now accommodate:

– Growing use of new devices

– Cloud-based applications

– De-perimeterization

– External business requirements

Security Threats

• Major security concerns for mobile devices:

• Use of applications created by unknown parties

– It is easy to find and install third-party applications on mobile

devices and this poses the risk of installing malicious software

• Interaction with other systems

– Unless an organization has control of all the devices involved in

synchronization, there is considerable risk of the organization’s

data being stored in an unsecured location, plus the risk of the

introduction of malware

• Use of location services

– An attacker can use location information to determine where the

device and user are located, which may be of use to the attacker

Figure 18.2 Mobile Device Security

Elements

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Overview

• IEEE 802 is a committee that has developed standards for

a wide range of local area networks (LANs)

• In 1990 the IEEE 802 Committee formed a new working

group, IEEE 802.11, with a charter to develop a protocol

and transmission specifications for wireless LANs

(WLANs)

• Since that time, the demand for WLANs at different

frequencies and data rates has exploded

Table 18.1 IEEE 802.11 Terminology

Access point (AP) Any entity that has station functionality and provides access to the

distribution system via the wireless medium for associated stations.

Basic service set (BSS) A set of stations controlled by a single coordination function.

Coordination function The logical function that determines when a station operating within

a BSS is permitted to transmit and may be able to receive PDUs.

Distribution system (DS) A system used to interconnect a set of BSSs and integrated LANs to

create an ESS.

Extended service set

(ESS)

A set of one or more interconnected BSSs and integrated LANs that

appear as a single BSS to the LLC layer at any station associated with one of these BSSs.

MAC protocol data unit

(MPDU)

The unit of data exchanged between two peer MAC entities using

the services of the physical layer.

MAC service data unit

(MSDU)

Information that is delivered as a unit between MAC users.

Station Any device that contains an IEEE 802.11 conformant MAC and

physical layer.

Wi-Fi Alliance

• The first 802.11 standard to gain broad industry acceptance was 802.11b

• Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA)

– An industry consortium formed in 1999

– Subsequently renamed the Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) Alliance

– Created a test suite to certify interoperability for 802.11 products

• Wi-Fi

– The term used for certified 802.11b products

– Has been extended to 802.11g products

• Wi-Fi5

– A certification process for 802.11a products that was developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance

• Recently the Wi-Fi Alliance has developed certification procedures for IEEE

802.11 security standards

– Referred to as Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)

Figure 18.3 IEEE 802.11 Protocol

Stack

Figure 18.4 General IEEE 802 MPDU

Format

Figure 18.5 IEEE 802.11 Extended

Service Set

Table 18.2 IEEE 802.11 Services

Service Provider Used to support

Association Distribution system MSDU delivery

Authentication Station LAN access and security

Deauthentication Station LAN access and security

Disassociation Distribution system MSDU delivery

Distribution Distribution system MSDU delivery

Integration Distribution system MSDU delivery

MSDU delivery Station MSDU delivery

Privacy Station LAN access and security

Reassociation Distribution system MSDU delivery

Distribution of Messages Within a DS

• The two services involved with the distribution of

messages within a DS are:

• Distribution

– The primary service used by stations to exchange

MPDUs when the MPDUs must traverse the DS to get

from a station in one BSS to a station in another BSS

• Integration

– Enables transfer of data between a station on an IEEE

802.11 LAN and a station on an integrated IEEE 802.x

LAN

– Takes care of any address translation and media

conversion logic required for the exchange of data

Association-Related Services (1 of 4)

• Transition types based on mobility:

• No transition

– A station of this type is either stationary or moves only

within the direct communication range of the

communicating stations of a single BSS

• BSS transition

– This is defined as a station movement from one BSS to

another BSS within the same ESS

Association-Related Services (2 of 4)

– In this case, delivery of data to the station requires that

the addressing capability be able to recognize the new

location of the station

• ESS transition

– This is defined as a station movement from a BSS in

one ESS to a BSS within another ESS

– Maintenance of upper-layer connections supported by

802.11 cannot be guaranteed

– Disruption of service is likely to occur

Association-Related Services (3 of 4)

• To deliver a message within a DS, the distribution service

needs to know the identity of the AP to which the message

should be delivered in order for that message to reach the

destination station

• Three services relate to a station maintaining an

association with the AP within its current BSS:

Association-Related Services (4 of 4)

– Association

▪ Establishes an initial association between a station

and an AP

– Reassociation

▪ Enables an established association to be

transferred from one AP to another, allowing a

mobile station to move from one BSS to another

– Disassociation

▪ A notification from either a station or an AP that an

existing association is terminated

IEEE 802.11i Wireless LAN Security

• There is an increased need for robust security services and

mechanisms for wireless LANs

• Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)

– The privacy portion of the 802.11 standard

– Contained major weaknesses

• Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)

– A set of security mechanisms that eliminates most 802.11

security issues

– Based on the current state of the 802.11i standard

• Robust Security Network (RSN)

– Final form of the 802.11i standard

– Complex

Figure 18.6 Elements of IEEE 802.11i

Figure 18.7 IEEE 802.11i Phases of

Operation

Figure 18.8 IEEE 802.11i Phases of Operation: Capability

Discovery, Authentication, and Association

IEEE 802.1X Access Control

Approach • Port-Based Network Access Control

• The authentication protocol that is used, the Extensible

Authentication Protocol (EAP), is defined in the IEEE 802.1X

standard

• 802.1X uses:

– Controlled ports

▪ Allows the exchange of PDUs between a supplicant and

other systems on the LAN only if the current state of the

supplicant authorizes such an exchange

– Uncontrolled ports

▪ Allows the exchange of PDUs between the supplicant

and the other AS, regardless of the authentication state

of the supplicant

Figure 18.9 IEEE 802.11i Key Hierarchies

Table 18.3 IEEE 802.11i Keys for Data Confidentiality and

Integrity Protocols (1 of 2)

Abbreviation Name Description /

Purpose

Size (bits) Type

AAA Key Authentication,

Accounting, and

Authorization Key

Used to derive the

PMK. Used with the

IEEE 802.1X

authentication and

key management

approach. Same as

MMSK.

≥ 256 Key generation key,

root key

PSK Pre-shared Key Becomes the PMK in

pre-shared key

environments.

256 Key generation key,

root key

PMK Pairwise Master Key Used with other

inputs to derive the

PTK.

256 Key generation key,

root key

GMK Group Master Key Used with other

inputs to derive the

GTK.

128 Key generation key,

root key

PTK Pair-wise Transient

Key

Derived from the

PMK.

Comprises the

EAPOLKCK, EAPOL-

KEK, and TK and (for

TKIP) the MIC key.

512 (TKIP)

384 (CCMP)

Composite key

Table 18.3 IEEE 802.11i Keys for Data Confidentiality and

Integrity Protocols (2 of 2)

Abbreviation Name Description / Purpose Size (bits) Type

TK Temporal Key Used with TKIP or

CCMP to provide

confidentiality and integrity

protection for unicast user

traffic.

256 (TKIP)

128 (CCMP)

Traffic key

GTK Group Temporal Key Derived from the GMK.

Used to provide

confidentiality and integrity

protection for multicast/

broadcast user traffic.

256 (TKIP)

128 (CCMP)

40,104 (WEP)

Traffic key

MIC Key Message Integrity

Code Key

Used by TKIP’s Michael

MIC to provide integrity

protection of messages.

64 Message integrity key

EAPOL-KCK EAPOL-Key

Confirmation Key

Used to provide integrity

protection for key material

distributed during the

4-Way Handshake.

128 Message integrity key

EAPOL-KEK EAPOL-Key

Encryption Key

Used to ensure the

confidentiality

of the GTK

and other key material in

the 4-Way Handshake.

128 Traffic key / key

encryption key

WEP Key Wired Equivalent

Privacy Key

Used with WEP. 40,104 Traffic key

Pairwise Keys (1 of 2)

• Used for communication between a pair of devices,

typically between a STA and an AP

– These keys form a hierarchy beginning with a master

key from which other keys are derived dynamically and

used for a limited period of time

• Pre-shared key (PSK)

– A secret key shared by the AP and a STA and installed

in some fashion outside the scope of IEEE 802.11i

• Master session key (MSK)

– Also known as the AAAK, and is generated using the

IEEE 802.1X protocol during the authentication phase

Pairwise Keys (2 of 2)

• Pairwise master key (PMK)

– Derived from the master key

– If a PSK is used, then the PSK is used as the PMK; if a MSK

is used, then the PMK is derived from the MSK by truncation

• Pairwise transient key (PTK)

– Consists of three keys to be used for communication

between a STA and AP after they have been mutually

authenticated

– Using the STA and AP addresses in the generation of the

PTK provides protection against session hijacking and

impersonation; using nonces provides additional random

keying material

PTK Parts (1 of 2)

• The three parts of the PTK are:

• EAP Over LAN (EAPOL) Key Confirmation Key (EAPOL-

KCK)

– Supports the integrity and data origin authenticity of

STA-to-AP control frames during operational setup of

an RSN

– It also performs an access control function: proof-of-

possession of the PMK

– An entity that possesses the PMK is authorized to use

the link

PTK Parts (2 of 2)

• EAPOL Key Encryption Key (EAPOL-KEK)

– Protects the confidentiality of keys and other data

during some RSN association procedures

• Temporal Key (TK)

– Provides the actual protection for user traffic

Group Keys

• Group keys are used for multicast communication in which one STA

sends MPDUs to multiple STAs

– Group master key (GMK)

▪ Key-generating key used with other inputs to derive the GTK

– Group temporal key (GTK)

▪ Generated by the AP and transmitted to its associated STAs

▪ IEEE 802.11i requires that its value is computationally

indistinguishable from random

▪ Distributed securely using the pairwise keys that are already

established

▪ Is changed every time a device leaves the network

Figure 18.10 IEEE 802.11i Phases of Operation: Four-

Way Handshake and Group Key Handshake

Protected Data Transfer Phase (1 of 2)

• IEEE 802.11i defines two schemes for protecting data

transmitted in 802.11 MPDUs:

– Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)

▪ Designed to require only software changes to

devices that are implemented with WEP

▪ Provides two services:

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Identify a wireless threat and how to mitigate it? Please make sure to write 250 words in APA format with in-text citation. Also you must use at least one scholarly resource. See attached

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