Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System – Heart Chapter 19
Describe the major function of the heart.
Describe the location of the heart – mediastinum.
Describe the structure and functions of the pericardium:
fibrous pericardium,
serous pericardium,
(parietal and visceral layers),
pericardial cavity,
pericardial fluid
Compare the structure and components of a cardiomyocyte to a skeletal muscle fiber
including: cell shape and dimensions, nuclei, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, T tubule, contractile proteins, intercalated discs.
Describe how the wall of the heart is constructed including the following layers:
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.
Describe the chambers of the heart including the blood vessels and valves associated with each chamber.
Distinguish between the atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar (SL) valves in terms of location, structure, and function. Include a description of how the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles help control AV valve function.
Explain the significance of variations in myocardial thickness.
Trace the pathway blood follows as it flows through the heart, and distinguish between systemic circulation pulmonary circulation.
Briefly describe coronary (cardiac) circulation and its major vessels.
Describe how cardiac action potentials propagate through the autorhythmic fibers that make up the conduction system of the heart. Include the following in your explanation: SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Define arrhythmia and describe different types of heart arrhythmias that result from defects in the conduction system. Include these terms: bradycardia, tachycardia, first, second, and third degree heart block, flutter, and fibrillation
Compare the generation of action potentials in cardiomyocytes to that of skeletal muscle fibers .
Describe the stages (depolarization, plateau, repolarization) and the roles of ions.
Identify the sources of ATP used by cardiac muscle.
Using a typical Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) tracing, be able to label the three major waves including the P-wave, QRS-complex and T-wave, Identify the heart activity that produces each wave. P-WAVE T-WAVE QRS COMPLEX
Describe the sequence of events making up the cardiac cycle.
Describe the heart sounds and cite the cardiac events responsible for those sounds. S1, “lub” S2 “dub”
Explain the concept of cardiac output, be able to use stroke volume and heart rate to calculate cardiac output, and define cardiac reserve.
Define and explain the three major factors that regulate stroke volume including, preload (Frank-Starling Law of the Heart , contractility, and afterload. List and explain the major factors that regulate heart rate: a)autonomic nervous system regulation
o o o o o –
integration of stimuli in the cardiovascular center of medulla role of proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors nerves involved , area of heart innervated by nerves effect on heart rate neurotransmitter released
B)hormones and other chemcials c)other factors ardiovascular System – Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics Chapter 20
1. Identify the major arteries and veins of the systemic circulation
2. Name the major types of blood vessels and outline the pathway blood follows as it travels through these blood vessels: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins.
3. Describe the basic structure of a blood vessel by describing the three tunics that comprise blood vessel walls: tunica interna (intima), tunica media, and tunica externa.
4. Discuss the following regarding arteries: vasoconstriction and vasodilation elastic arteries and their function as pressure reservoirs muscular arteries and their function as distributing arteries
5. Describe the role of anastomoses (anastomosis, sing.) in collateral circulation.
6. Describe the role of arterioles in regulation of blood flow from the arteries into the capillaries, including the function of precapillary sphincters.
7. Discuss the following regarding capillaries: Explain how the composition of capillary walls differs from that of other blood vessels 1. microcirculation 2. capillary bed 3. three types of capillaries – continuous, fenestrated, sinusoids
8. Discuss the following regarding veins: compare wall of vein to wall of artery compare lumen of vein to lumen of artery role in blood pressure valves vascular (venous) sinus
9. Define capillary exchange and describe the three methods by which capillary exchange occurs: diffusion, transcytosis, bulk flow.
10. Explain the particular importance of bulk flow in capillary exchange and discuss the following regarding bulk flow: the difference between filtration and reabsorption pressures that favor filtration: blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP) 1. pressures that favor reabsorption: blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) calculation and interpretation of net filtration pressure Starling’s Law of the capillaries
11. Define edema and relate edema to bulk flow.
12. Briefly discuss blood distribution and blood reservoirs.
13. Define blood flow and describe four factors that influence blood flow. a. blood pressure blood pressure gradient as blood flows through the body systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure calculation of mean arterial pressure (MAP) factors that can affect blood pressure b. vascular resistance, including: size of lumen, blood viscosity, total blood vessel c. venous return, including: preload, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump d. velocity of blood flow, including: relationship of velocity to cross-sectional area and the relationship of velocity to circulation time
14. Describe how each of the following helps regulate blood pressure: 0.cardiovascular center cardiostimulatory center cardioinhibitory center vasomotor center 1.neural regulation baroreceptor reflexes: carotid sinus reflex and aortic reflex ii. chemoreceptor reflexes: carotid bodies and aortic bodies influence on sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve stimulation c. hormonal regulation
15. Define pulse and explain how and where it is measured.
16. Explain how blood pressure is measured. Include definitions of the following: a. sphygmomanometer b. systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) c. Korotkoff sounds (also on contrast list) d. pulse pressure
17. Identify four major circulatory pathways in the body, explain their purpose, and describe the pathways involved: systemic circulation pulmonary circulation hepatic portal system ductus arteriosus
9. Explain the significance of variations in myocardial thickness.
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