weapons changes
A history paper must contain proper footnotes or endnotes. (For examples, see Kate L. Turabians A
Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations [eighth edition]). The abbreviated
style of putting the source and page number within parentheses in the text (parenthetical documentation)
is unacceptable. As a reminder, every direct quotation requires a footnote/endnote in order to properly
identify and credit the source. Use direct quotations sparingly, generally to add special emphasis to a
point. However, be judicious. Using direct quotations from secondary sources rarely adds to the strength
of an argument. Stringing together direct quotations is seldom effective and distracts from the papers
purpose. A more effective technique is summarizing ideas and information within a paragraph and then
inserting a footnote/endnote to direct the reader to the source. Use footnotes/endnotes to provide more
depth or explanatory information that otherwise would interrupt the flow of the paragraph. Including
several sources within the same footnote/endnote is acceptable.
A good historical essay argues a point. The author asserts a position (thesis), offers evidence in support,
accounts for opposing facts and opinions, and ends with a conclusion that restates the thesis. Use the
writing tips below to start. For more in-depth reference, refer to The Elements of Style by William
Strunk Jr. and E. B. White.
1. Use verbs in simple past tense in active mode (he went, she thought, etc.). Passive voice fulfills a
need sometimes. Yet, as a rule, writers should use active verbs for greater clarity and precision. To write,
Napoleon was surprised at the Battle of Waterloo is factually correct. However, an active verb
expresses a more complete thought: The arrival of the Prussian army surprised Napoleon.
2. Avoid jargon and slang. Do not use unofficial abbreviations, such as WWI for World War I.
3. Use quotations judiciously, particularly in short papers. It is possible and usually preferable to write
the paper without any quotations. Remember, a history essay assesses the students writing skills.
a. Single-space and indent quotations that are five lines and longer, without quotation marks.
b. Introduce a person into the text by full name and title or position at first mention. For example
Entertainment editor Eddie Izzard observed, France does not have any stand-up comedians.
4. Extensive stringing together of loosely paraphrased sentences is unacceptable. Citing references
protects the writer from a charge of plagiarism but not from an assessment of failing to analyze the
material. Demonstrate the students writing and analytical skills, not those of another author. Use direct
quotations or preferably the students own words to articulate someone elses position.
5. Keep papers within length guidelines. Be succinct.
6. Times New Roman, 12-point font is standard for formal paper submissions. Double-space all papers
unless told otherwise.
7. Italicize and, if necessary, define foreign words, ship names, book titles, journal titles, etc. Enclose
the titles of chapters within a book or articles within a journal with quotation marks.
8. Rewriting creates clarity. Proofread carefully. Spell check and grammar check programs do not
identify correctly spelled words used incorrectly. Let time pass before re-reading the work. Read the
essay aloud; if a word, phrase, or sentence appears awkward, revise. If pressed for time, ask someone else
to read it aloud. Reduce wordiness.
9. The student can write an A paper based on mandatory course readings. Outside research is
permitted; sources must be reliable and given credit. Be careful about Internet sources. If in doubt, ask the
instructor.
10. On the title page, include the students name, student number, staff group, date, and course title. The
page total does not include the title page, footnotes (endnotes), or the bibliography.
11. Use either chronological or topical organization. Usually a chronological discussion works better.
Outlines help to enhance logical presentation.
12. Clear transitions between topics signal change. Avoid the overuse of subheadings.
13. Topic sentences are important. If a sentence does not relate to the first sentence of a particular
paragraph, change the topic sentence or move the statement to another paragraph.
14. Avoid overuse of a word or phrase. Consult a dictionary or thesaurus for appropriate synonyms.
There are two exceptions: when the exact word is necessary for clarity or no other word conveys the same
idea; and when an author repeats the same word or phrase for dramatic emphasis.
15. A paragraph consists of at least three sentences. Vary sentence structure and length.
16. Follow subject-verb agreement. A singular subject takes a singular verb. A plural subject takes a
plural verb.
17. Use connections such as however, yet, unfortunately, rather, on the contrary, etc., to signal
a change in the direction of the argument and/or contrasting ideas.
18. Identify speakers, authors, actors, and new terms in the narrative. When introducing a new actor, the
first reference should include first and last name as well as job position. Any subsequent reference should
give last name only. When introducing a specific term or abbreviation, define clearly or spell out fully.
Subsequent references consist of the term itself or the abbreviated form.
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