August 9, 2022

Select two topics per chapter that you find interesting and discuss in a paragraph what the information means to you or your experience with that topic or observations you have made relate

Please be more specific in this one like you were in the first journal, journal 2 was bad. Journal 1 was really good.

3 PAGES

journals are your reflections on the course material (textbook, info links, discussion, videos, etc.). Select two topics per chapter that you find interesting and discuss in a paragraph what the information means to you or your experience with that topic or observations you have made related to the topic or how the topic relates to your life or the lives of others. Also your journal can briefly discuss any issues you wish to comments on related to the topics we cover for the discussion forum. Remember a journal submission is a reflection and not a description of what we did in class but what was covered in class and your thoughts, observations and experiences related to what was covered in class. For journal I our learning modules will cover on Journal 3 covers chapters 14,15,16,17,two topics per chapter from the first seven chapters of the course.

Please be more specific in this one like you were in the first journal , journal 2 was bad. Journal 1 was really good .

Please set up format

chapter 14

Topic 1:

Topic 2:

Summary Physical Development in Adolescence Motor Development

• Girls' gain in gross motor is gradual and level off at 14. • Boys show dramatic spurt in strength, speed, and endurance. • Regular physical activity has lifelong benefits. • High school girls' sports continue to increase, still less than boys. Conceptions of Adolescence

• Balanced Perspective of Adolescence – Modern day perspective – Adolescence is product of both biological and social forces

• Adolescence marked by puberty – Biological changes lead to adult-sized body and sexual maturity

PUBERTY

• Puberty is defined as growth regulated by genetically influenced hormonal processes.

• Girls are 2 years earlier than boys.

• What are some of the hormonal changes: – Growth hormone (GH) and thyroxine – Testosterone – Estrogen

• Growth hormone (GS) and thyroxine contribute to the gains in body size and completion of the skeletal maturation during puberty.

• Estrogens are typically thought of as female hormones and androgens as male hormones but both types of hormones are available in both sexes.

• The boy’s testes release large quantities of the androgen testosterone, which leads to muscle growth, body and facial hair, and other sex characteristics

• Estrogens cause the girls breasts, uterus, and vagina to mature, the body to take on feminine proportions, fat to accumulate and the menstrual cycle to begin.

Sexual Maturation

There are two types of sexual characteristics that begin during adolescence:

• Primary sexual characteristics Reproductive organs • Secondary sexual characteristics Visible outside the body Sexual Maturation in Girls

• Begins with budding of breasts and growth spurt. • Menarche (first menstruation) around 12 1/2 for North American

girls. • Following menarche, pubic and underarm hair and breast

development are completed. Sexual Maturation in Boys

• Enlargement of testes • Pubic hair emerges • Penis begins to enlarge • Growth spurt occurs later than for girls • Voice deepens at peak of growth spurt • After peak, facial and body hair emerges

• Spermarche – First ejaculation of seminal fluid, around 13

IMPACT OF PUBERTAL EVENTS

• In past, menarche was often traumatic and disturbing. – Today, girls report more positive less and negative emotions.

• Boys respond to spermarche with mixed feelings. – Boys know about ejaculation ahead of time. – Boys get less social support during puberty.

Pubertal Change, Emotion, and Social Behavior • Adolescent Moodiness

– hormonal changes cause moodiness and easy to be irritated – Physical changes create uncertainty in teens as their body grows

and matures in an adult size body • Parent-Child Relationships

– A strong parent-child relationship and understanding that the teen years are full of change and uncertainty.

Early versus Late Maturation

• Early maturing boys – viewed as relaxed, independent, self-confident, and physically

attractive – leadership positions in school – tended to be athletic

• Late maturing boys – viewed as anxious, overly talkative, and attention-seeking

• Early maturing girls – viewed as less popular, withdrawn and lacking in self-confidence – few positions of leadership

• Late maturing girls – regarded as attractive, lively, sociable, and leaders at school

Early versus Late Maturation

Society’s image of the attractive female is consistent with the girlish shape that favors the late developer.

The male image is tall, broad-shouldered, and muscular –

consistent with the development of the early maturing boy. Body Image

• The conclusions young people draw about their appearance strongly affect their self-esteem and psychological well-being.

• Body image is defined as the conception of and attitude toward one’s physical appearance.

HEALTH ISSUES

• Personal decision making becomes important in health areas. • Nutritional Needs

– Teens need a nutritious diet – Food food that promote growth and development

• Eating Disorders

– Risk factors • Early puberty for girls • Dissatisfaction with body image • Economically advantaged homes • Cultural concern with weight and thinness

Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder in which individuals starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat.

• Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder in which individuals go on

eating binges followed by deliberate vomiting, or purging techniques such as doses of laxatives

or strict diet.

Eating Disorders

• Binge Eating is similar to bulimia in that individuals binge or eat large amounts of food in a short period of time and then purge.

• Binge eating characteristics: – Eating fast – Eating until uncomfortably full – Out of control eating – Eating large amts of food when alone or not hungry – Distress is felt regarding binge eating

Eating Problems

• Among Athletes – eating problems among athletes are usually a result of needing to maintain a specific weight for their sport • Emotional Issues – using food to comfort during emotionally

upsetting time or rewarding self and others with food • Social Activities – when people get together, food is usually served

and can lead to eating when not hungry (varies between people and their level of social interaction)

Sexual Activity • The impact of culture

– Over the past 30 years the sexual attitudes of both adolescents and adults have become more liberal.

• Characteristics of sexually active adolescents

– Early pubertal maturation – No religious involvement – Parental divorce, single parent or step homes – Active friends or siblings – Poor school performance – Low school aspirations

– Risk taking behaviors (drugs, alcohol) Sexual Activity • Contraceptive use

– Most teens do not do the kind of planning and decision making necessary to protect themselves from harmful outcomes.

• Sexually transmitted diseases

– Many teens are uncomfortable asking parents questions about sex or contraception. Sex education programs in schools can help inform teens about STDs, AIDs and birth control.

• Sexual orientation – about 3 – 6 percent of teens discover that they

are lesbian or gay, issues of coming out to oneself and others

Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood

• Each year, over 900,000 American teenagers become pregnant, 30,000 under the age of 15.

• U.S. differs from other industrialized nations. – Sex education reaches few. – Convenient, low-cost contraceptive services are scarce. – Poverty encourages risk-taking.

Substance Use and Abuse

• By age 14: – 56% tried smoking – 81% tried drinking – 39% tried one illegal drug

• Prevention

Emotional & Social Development in Adolescence

According to Erik Erikson the dilemma, Identity versus Identity Confusion, for

adolescents is to be resolved when identity becomes a well-organized conception

of self made up of values, beliefs, and goals

Identity confusion is considered a state in which adolescents appear shallow and

directionless.

Identity crisis involves a temporary period of confusion and distress as adolescents

experiment with alternatives before settling on values and goals. (common in

complex societies such as ours) and resolved positively by attainment of identity

after exploration and inner soul-searching

Paths to Identity

•Identity status during adolescence:

–Identity achievement

•Commitment to self-chosen values and occupational goals

–Moratorium

•Exploring alternative values and goals

–Identity foreclosure

•Acceptance of values and goals from authority figures

–Identity diffusion

•No firm commitments to values and goals

Identity Status and Psychological Well-Being

When the adolescent has achieved Identity or still exploring they have:

–high self-esteem

–more abstract and critical thinking

–greater similarity between ideal and real self

Identity Development Factors

•Determined by dealing with competing beliefs and values

•Enhanced when family is a secure base

•Fostered by education that promotes high-level thinking, extracurricular and community activities, and vocational training programs

•Vocational choice and gender identity rather than politics and religion

SELF-DEVELOPMENT

Changes in Self-Concept

In middle to late adolescence, teenagers combine traits into a system.

Older adolescents add integrated principles that make sense out of apparent

contradictions.

More emphasis is placed on social virtues such as

•being friendly

•considerate

•kind and cooperative

Changes in Self-Esteem

Close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence can increase self-esteem

and improve interpersonal relationships

For most, self-esteem rises in adolescence

Low self-esteem can be caused by:

–Off-time in pubertal development

–Heavy drug use

–Failures in school

FAMILY

•Autonomy – child believes they are ready for new challenges and parents may not be ready to let go

•Parent-Child Relationships – a strong bond between parent and child can help with the issues of adolescence (autonomy, moodiness, academic, relationships,

puberty, dating).

•Fewer than 10 % of families with adolescents have serious trouble

PEER RELATIONS

•American teens average 18 nonschool hours per week with peers so they often spend more time with their peers than family members (in school and outside

school).

•Adolescent Friendships involve:

–Psychological intimacy and loyalty

–Usually alike in age, sex, ethnicity, social class, attitudes, values

PEER RELATIONS

Friendships are for understanding and sharing

Benefits of friendships include:

•Cliques and crowds

–Peer groups are increasingly common

•Dating

•Peer pressure and conformity

PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT

•Depression

–Most common psychological problem of teen years

–15 to 20 percent of teenagers, comparable to adults

–Twice as common in girls as boys

–Associated with drug abuse, risky law breaking behaviors, relationship problems, family issues, illness, school problems, car accidents, and predicts

future problems

Suicide

•Rises during adolescence.

•Third leading cause of death in young people

•Boys commit suicide at a rate 4 to 5 times that of girls

•Girls have more unsuccessful attempts.

•Two types of people

Highly intelligent but solitary and unable to meet own standards or those of others

or with antisocial tendencies

Figure 16.7 Suicide rates among 15- to 19-year-olds in the United States and

Canada by sex and ethnicity

Prevention and Treatment

of Adolescent Suicide

•Attention to warning signs

•Medication, therapy, and hospitalization

•Teenage suicides often take place in clusters.

Eighth Edition

Chapter 17

Emerging Adulthood

Arnett’s Definition of the “Stage” of Emerging Adulthood

Emerging adulthood is defined by 5 features: • Feeling in between (neither adolescent nor adult)

• Identity exploration (especially in love, work, worldview)

• Self-focused (not self-centered but lacking obligations to others)

• Instability (frequent changes in living arrangements, relationships, education, work)

• Possibilities (able to choose among multiple life directions)

Areas of Exploration in Emerging Adulthood

• Education: drawn-out, nonlinear

• Romance: rise in average age of first marriage

• Career: delayed career entry, longer period of exploration

• Residence: frequent moves, including return to parents’ home

Postponing Marriage

• In 1950, average age of first marriage was about 20 for women and 23 for men.

• Currently, comparable ages are 27 and 29 in U.S.

• Delay allows for extended experimentation with sexuality and intimacy.

• Marriage is now regarded as personal choice, not universal marker of adult status.

Returning Home

• Just over half of 18- to 25-year olds return to their parents’ home for brief periods after first leaving.

• Reasons include end of college, high housing costs, tight job market, failures in work or love.

• Lower-SES and ethnic minority emerging adults are more likely to live with parents.

• Emerging adulthood—a longer, more complex bridge between adolescence and full adulthood— is a cultural construction.

Cultural Change and Emerging Adulthood

• Industrialized nations:

– Dramatic gains in life expectancy – Need for longer education to enter complex careers – About half of U.S. early-twenties population in school – Delays in financial independence, career commitment

• Traditional, non-Western countries:

– Emerging adulthood experienced only by privileged few

– For most, early entry into adult roles – Emerging adulthood limited or nonexistent for low-

SES, non-college-bound young people in Western nations

Emerging Adulthood: A Distinct Stage of Development?

• Critics say no:

– Complex societies have never had a distinct moment of attaining adult status.

– Emerging adulthood does not describe experiences of majority of world’s youths.

– Extended exploration may be largely a coping mechanism for those not ready for independence.

• Proponents say yes:

– Emerging adulthood applies to most in industrialized nations.

– It is spreading to some young people in developing nations.

Cognitive Changes in Emerging Adulthood

• Brain development:

– Fine-tuning of prefrontal cognitive control network

– Experience-dependent brain growth

• Postformal thought:

– Cognitive development beyond formal operational stage

• Epistemic cognition:

– Reflections on how we arrive at facts, beliefs, ideas

– Movement from dualistic thinking toward relativistic thinking

– Eventually reach commitment within relativistic thinking

Importance of Peer Interaction and Reflection

• Advances in epistemic cognition depend on gains in metacognition.

• College learning experience can provide

– opportunities to struggle with realistic but ambiguous problems in supportive environment.

– interaction among individuals who are roughly equal in knowledge and authority.

– individual reflection fostered by peer interaction: arguing with oneself over competing ideas, strategies.

Emotional and Social Changes

• College experience fosters concern with individual rights and human welfare.

• Exposure to multiple viewpoints promotes self- awareness, more complex self-concept.

• Dual-cycle model of identity formation involves fluctuation in certainty about commitments.

• Aspects of life course that were once socially structured are now left up to individuals.

• Emerging adults need personal agency: sense of self- efficacy, purpose, confidence, responsibility.

Love in Emerging Adulthood

• Erikson: Establishing an intimate relationship is a major task of early adulthood.

• Intimacy is promoted by – partner similarity.

– good communication.

– secure internal working model of attachment.

• About 70% of young U.S. couples cohabit.

• Relationship stability depends on partners’ level of commitment.

Work in Emerging Adulthood

• Preparation for adult work includes – internships and apprenticeships.

– selection of college courses and majors.

• Levinson: constructing a dream of oneself in the adult world – Men: career-focused dream

– Women: “split dream” emphasizing both career and marriage

• Mentors play important role as teachers and guides.

Gender in Emerging Adulthood

• Identity achievement in vocational realm is more challenging for women than for men.

• Women’s career ambitions may decline during college because of – concerns about their abilities.

– concerns about combining career and family responsibilities.

• Women who pursue male-dominated careers – usually have high achievement orientation, self-reliance, self-

efficacy.

– benefit from models of accomplished women who have dealt with family–career role conflict.

Ethnic Minorities in Emerging Adulthood

• Issues of self-confidence and academic preparedness:

– Greater risk of dropping out of college

– Lower graduation rates

– Less well prepared for career success

• Outreach programs for high-risk college students increase retention.

• Racial and ethnic bias in career opportunities remains strong.

• Ethnic minority women must overcome combined gender and racial discrimination to realize their career potential.

Worldview

• Civic and political commitments:

– Record number of college students expect to participate in community service.

– Today’s emerging adults have stronger pluralistic orientation than past generations.

– Low voting turnout may reflect lack of adult commitments and responsibilities.

• Religion and spirituality:

– Attendance at religious services drops.

– About 50% remain stable in religious commitment.

– Many young people construct individualized faith.

Resources That Foster Resilience in Emerging Adulthood

• Cognitive attributes: – Effective planning and decision making

– Information-gathering cognitive style

– Good school performance, knowledge of vocational options

• Emotional and social attributes: – Positive self-esteem, good emotional self-regulation

– Confidence and sense of personal responsibility

– Healthy identity development, strong moral character

– Sense of meaning and purpose, desire to contribute to community

• Social supports: – Positive relationships with parents

– Sense of connection to social institutions

Chapters 14

Physical Development in Adolescence

Physical Development

Motor Development • Girls' gain in gross motor are gradual and level off

at 14.

• Boys show dramatic spurt in strength, speed, and endurance.

• Regular physical activity has lifelong benefits.

• High school girls' sports continues to increase, still less than boys.

Conceptions of Adolescence

• Balanced Perspective of Adolescence

– Modern day perspective

– Adolescence is product of both biological and social forces

• Adolescence marked by puberty

– Biological changes lead to adult-sized body and sexual maturity

PUBERTY • Puberty is defined as growth regulated by

genetically influenced hormonal processes.

• Girls are 2 years earlier than boys.

• What are some of the hormonal changes:

– Growth hormone (GH) and thyroxine

– Testosterone

– Estrogen

PUBERTY

• Growth hormone (GS) and thyroxine contribute to the gains in body size and completion of the skeletal maturation during puberty.

• Estrogens are typically thought of as female hormones and androgens as male hormones but both types of hormones are available in both sexes.

PUBERTY

• The boy’s testes release large quantities of the androgen testosterone, which leads to muscle growth, body and facial hair, and other sex characteristics

• Estrogens cause the girls breasts, uterus, and vagina to mature, the body to take on feminine proportions, fat to accumulate and the menstrual cycle to begin.

Sexual Maturation

There are two types of sexual characteristics that begin during adolescence:

• Primary sexual characteristics Reproductive organs

• Secondary sexual characteristics Visible outside the body

Sexual Maturation in Girls • Begins with budding

of breasts and growth spurt.

• Menarche (first menstruation) around 12 1/2 for North American girls.

• Following menarche, pubic and underarm hair and breast development are completed.

Sexual Maturation in Boys • Enlargement of testes

• Pubic hair emerges

• Penis begins to enlarge

• Growth spurt occurs later than for girls

• Voice deepens at peak of growth spurt

• After peak, facial and body hair emerges

• Spermarche – First ejaculation of seminal

fluid, around 13

IMPACT OF PUBERTAL EVENTS

• In past, menarche was often traumatic and disturbing. – Today, girls report more positive less and

negative emotions.

• Boys respond to spermarche with mixed feelings. – Boys know about ejaculation ahead of time.

– Boys get less social support during puberty.

Pubertal Change, Emotion, and Social Behavior

• Adolescent Moodiness – hormonal changes cause moodiness and easy to be

irritated

– Physical changes create uncertainty in teens as their body grows and matures in an adult size body

• Parent-Child Relationships – A strong parent-child relationship and understanding that

the teen years are full of change and uncertainty.

Early versus Late Maturation • Early maturing boys

– viewed as relaxed, independent, self-confident, and physically attractive

– leadership positions in school

– tended to be athletic

• Late maturing boys – viewed as anxious, overly talkative, and attention-seeking

• Early maturing girls – viewed as less popular, withdrawn and lacking in self-

confidence

– few positions of leadership

• Late maturing girls – regarded as attractive, lively, sociable, and leaders at school

Early versus Late Maturation

Society’s image of the attractive female is consistent with the girlish shape that favors the late developer.

The male image is tall, broad-shouldered, and muscular – consistent with the development of the early maturing boy.

Body Image • The conclusions young people draw about

their appearance strongly affect their self- esteem and psychological well-being.

• Body image is defined as the conception of and attitude toward

one’s physical appearance.

HEALTH ISSUES • Personal decision making becomes important in health

areas.

• Nutritional Needs – Teens need a nutritious diet

– Good food that promote growth

and development

• Eating Disorders

– Risk factors • Early puberty for girls

• Dissatisfaction with body image

• Economically advantaged homes

• Cultural concern with weight and thinness

Eating Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder in which

individuals starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat.

• Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder in which individuals go on eating binges followed by deliberate vomiting,

or purging techniques

such as doses of laxatives

or strict diet.

Eating Disorders

• Binge Eating is similar to bulimia in that individuals binge or eat large amounts of food in a short period of time and then purge.

• Binge eating characteristics:

– Eating fast

– Eating until uncomfortably full

– Out of control eating

– Eating large amts of food when alone or not hungry

– Distress is felt regarding binge eating

Eating Problems • Among Athletes – eating problems

among athletes are usually a result

of needing to maintain a specific

weight for their sport

• Emotional Issues – using food to comfort during emotionally upsetting time or rewarding self and others with food

• Social Activities – when people ge

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Select two topics per chapter that you find interesting and discuss in a paragraph what the information means to you or your experience with that topic or observations you have made relate

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