July 22, 2022

Domestic Terrorism; CHAPTER 13: An Introduction to Homeland Security & CHAPTER 15: Homeland Security and Constitutional Issues) Categorize the forms of domestic terrorism. 2. Lis

READING ASSIGNMENT #4(CHAPTER 12: Domestic Terrorism; CHAPTER 13: An Introduction to Homeland Security & CHAPTER 15: Homeland Security and Constitutional Issues)

Assignment Type: Canvas

Due Date: July 24, 2022

Possible Points: 100

Duration: 4-6 Hours

Deliverable Length: 5-7 pages

TEXTBOOK REFERENCES REQUIRED.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BELOW:

1. Categorize the forms of domestic terrorism.

2. List the agencies responsible for homeland security and describe their functions.

3. List single issues motivating domestic terrorism.

4. Define single-issue terrorism.

5. Describe the functions of fusion centers

6. Differentiate between civil liberties and human rights.

7. List the controversial powers of the USA PATRIOT Act.

8. Summarize the limitations placed on law enforcement in the USA FREEDOM
Act

Terrorism and Homeland Security, 9e

CHAPTER 12 Jonathan R. White

Learning Objectives, Part 1

Summarize the debate over the meaning of domestic terrorism.

Explain the legal difference between extremism and domestic terrorism.

Categorize the forms of domestic terrorism.

Describe the relationship between racial violence and terrorism.

Outline the evolution and activities of the Ku Klux Klan.

Learning Objectives, Part 2

Describe current status of right-wing domestic terrorism.

Explain the fluctuations in left-wing criminal extremism.

Define single-issue terrorism.

List single issues motivating domestic terrorism.

Define the nebulous connection between domestic and international terrorism.

Describe threats from homegrown radicalization.

Understanding Domestic Terrorism

Local law enforcement agencies approach terrorism with their own interpretations.

Some American police agencies have gone to great lengths to prepare for terrorism; others have not.

Law enforcement is a local affair in the U.S., complicated by layers of competing state and federal bureaucracies.

Classifying Domestic Terrorism

FBI Categories:

Domestic terrorism involves violent political extremism, single-issue terrorism, and lone-wolf activities.

International terrorism is defined as threats that originate outside the United States.

Brent Smith Classifications:

Right-wing extremist

Left-wing and single-issue terrorists

International terrorists

Racism and Terrorism, Part 1

Christian Identity blend of Jewish and Christian biblical passages; premise that God was white.

Jews have gained control of the United States by conspiring to create the Federal Reserve System.

Christian Identity provided a theological base for stating that white people originated with God, and Jews came from the devil.

Small groups dominated by Christian Identify theology and Christian patriotism engage in localized violence.

Racism and Terrorism, Part 2

Extremists began preaching Nordic Christianity in northern Germany.

Another religious derivation, Creativity rejects Judaism and Christianity altogether.

The majority of right-wing extremists retreated to more conservative churches, and relied on individual interpretations of scripture to justify antigovernment actions. This group can loosely be described as free-wheeling fundamentalists.

Violent Right-Wing Extremism

The KKK has operated in three distinct phases through history.

Shortly after the Civil War, hooded Knight Riders, as they were called, terrorized African Americans to frighten them into political and social submission.

The second phase of the Klan came in the 1920s as it sought political legitimacy.

The modern KKK grew after World War II. It is now fragmented, decentralized, and dominated by hate-filled rhetoric.

Sovereign Citizens, Part 1

Sovereign citizens common beliefs:

They can declare themselves free of American citizenship.

There are two governments.

Paper terrorism

They file false liens, write bogus checks, and sight drafts against non-existent accounts.

More than 30 police officers have been killed in confrontations with sovereign citizens.

Sovereign Citizens, Part 2

Can declare themselves free of American citizenship as well as laws and taxes

Sovereign citizens also tend to believe that there are two governments. One is legitimate and devoid of governmental regulation except for English common law.

The illegitimate government includes all federal and state governments.

No single sovereign citizen ideology

The Turner Diaries and Hunter

The Turner Diaries

Diatribe against minorities and Jews

How-to manual for low-level terrorism

Psychological inspiration for violence

Hunter

Tells the story of a lone wolf named Hunter who decides to launch a one-person revolution

He stalks the streets to kill African Americans, interracial couples, and Jews.

Change on the Left

Left-wing terrorist groups dominated terrorism in the U.S. from 1967 to 1985.

They engaged in symbolic violence.

The intellectual elites who controlled the movement contributed to the U.S. demise.

In Europe, people who may have been sympathetic to the ideology of left-wing terrorists could not tolerate their violent activities as terrorism increased.

Single-Issue Criminal Extremists

Earth Liberation Front (ELF)

Responsible for more than 600 criminal acts since 1996 using tactics such as, sabotage, tree spiking, property damage, and arson.

Ecoterrorism crimes included raids of farms, destruction of animal research laboratories and sabotage of industrial equipment, and arson.

Ecoterrorists are uncompromising, illogical extremists just like their right-wing counterparts.

Anti-Abortion Violence

Violent antiabortionists began with bombing and arson attacks more than twenty years ago, and they have enhanced their tactics since then.

Doctors and nurses have been assaulted when entering clinics.

To these people, accepting the status quo is more evil than using violence to change behavior.

David Nice’s Explanations for Violent Political Behavior

Social controls break down under stress and urbanization.

Violence increases when people are not satisfied with political outcomes.

Violence can also be reinforced by social and cultural values.

Violence can stem from a group’s strength or weakness, its lack of faith in the political system, or its frustration with economic conditions.

Nice and Antiabortion Violence

Nice concludes that antiabortion violence appears in areas of rapid population growth where the abortion rate is high.

As social controls decrease, and the desire to substitute political controls increases, bombings develop into a form of political action.

Deana Rohlinger argues that current media coverage of abortion issues differs from the 1980s and early 1990s.

Homegrown Violent Extremists

These homegrown extremists are Americans or American residents who adopt the jihadist philosophy.

Two styles of homegrown attacks:

Radicalized from personal experiences

Radicalized with foreign connection

Homegrown Jihadists

One of the incubators for homegrown jihadists is the American prison system.

Homegrown terrorism is not an American problem alone, nor is it limited to radical Islam.

It is a “bottom up event.”

Some homegrown jihadists are self-recruited, self-motivated, and self-trained.

Creation of Homegrown Jihadists

Some are born in the United States, and prepare to wage the jihad, even though they have little contact with jihadists.

Others immigrate, and they find themselves alone.

Others, like John Walker Lindh and Adam Gadahn, leave the United States to join the jihad overseas.

A third type threatens to become a hybrid form.

The potential hybrid jihadist comes in several varieties.

The Future

What type of approach toward domestic terrorism could limit political controversy?

What is the difference between an actual crime and a potential crime?

If law enforcement agencies are deeply embedded in communities, how might they use information about potential terrorism to divert behavior?

Chapter Take Aways, Part 1

By definition, domestic terrorists must act outside of the law.

Therefore, it is better to think about the whole realm of politically motivated criminal extremism than to look for cases of domestic terrorism.

Criminal extremism can be described by a typology focusing of political orientation.

When domestic terrorism is approached in this manner, the results show extremist activities are currently dominated by anti-government and racist movements.

Chapter Take Aways, Part 2

Other forms of extremism reveal differing criminal patterns.

Homegrown extremists may make individual attacks or receive training and support from abroad.

Single-issue extremists are motivated by one all-encompassing passion.

Eco-terrorists tend to favor property damage. Nationalists and anti-abortion extremists are more prone to violence.

Terrorism and Homeland Security, 9e

CHAPTER 13 Jonathan R. White

Learning Objectives, Part 1

Explain the different meanings associated with homeland security.

List the agencies responsible for homeland security and describe their functions.

Describe the intelligence process.

Differentiate between criminal and national security intelligence.

Explain the importance of the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan.

Learning Objectives, Part 2

Describe the functions of fusion centers.

List some of the organizations responsible for processing intelligence.

Summarize some of the major issues in homeland security.

Discuss the aspects of intelligence reform.

Cite evidence to argue that intelligence reform is unnecessary.

Searching for Defined Roles

Roles are divided into three functions: preventing terrorism, responding to attacks, and providing technical support to local agencies.

Homeland security protects lives, property, and infrastructure.

Critics maintain that confusion remains and that the country is not prepared to thwart an attack.

Weaknesses in port security

Southern border is not secure by any measure.

Security Missions

Department of Energy is responsible for protecting nuclear materials, power grids, and gas lines.

Customs and Border Protection uses its agents to secure U.S. borders and points of entry, with customs agents collecting revenue.

Homeland security also involves civil defense.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

DHS was created from the Office of Homeland Security in 2003 as a direct result of the 9/11 attacks.

U.S. Coast Guard

Office of Intelligence and Analysis

Transportation Security Administration

U.S. Customs and Border Protection

Immigration and Customs Enforcement

Department of Justice (DOJ)

The Department of Justice (DOJ) maintains several functions in the realm of terrorism. The most noted DOJ agency is the FBI.

The Department of Justice is involved in other areas.

The U.S. Marshall’s Service

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF)

Although the FBI is the lead agency in domestic terrorism, ATF’s role in explosives and firearms enforcement is crucial.

Department of Defense (DOD)

DOJ maintains several functions in the counterterrorism, including the following:

Federal Bureau of Investigation

U.S. Attorneys

U.S. Marshals

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

Bureau of Justice Assistance

Intelligence Community

Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) began operations in April 2005.

ODNI’s purpose is to unite America’s national security intelligence under one umbrella:

Coordinates information from national security and military intelligence

Incorporated federal law enforcement intelligence under its umbrella

State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement

The ability of state, local, and tribal agencies to share information is at the heart of preventing terrorist strikes within the borders of the United States:

Large federal systems operate on a global basis.

Officers in local communities know their jurisdictions better than anyone else.

Intelligence Process

Basic Information

Analysts begin work after obtaining an in-depth, multi-disciplinary education.

Applied Information

Analysts gather information about a specific problem.

Real-time Information

Analysts receive actual information as it is forwarded from the field.

Analyzed Information

Analysts produce intelligence based on analyzed information.

National Security and Criminal Intelligence

National security intelligence is gathered to defend the nation.

It uses aggressive methods to collect information, including, at times, operations in violation of the law.

It is ultimately designed to protect targets, not individuals’ rights.

Criminal intelligence is gathered by law enforcement and prosecuting attorneys.

It is governed by the rules of evidence.

It must be legally admissible in court.

Checkered Past

Intelligence processes have been ineffective.

FBI and CIA have been criticized for failing to gather information before the September 11 attacks and ineffectively analyzing the information they did have.

Government has abused its authority in the past.

CIA tested drugs on Americans without their consent or knowledge.

Domestic Intelligence Networks, Part 1

The Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN) is set up to connect all jurisdictions with real-time communication.

It includes state homeland security officials, the National Guard, emergency operations centers, and local emergency service providers.

Despite the systems and networks that were developed to share information, many agencies still were not part of the information-sharing process; fusion centers came about to correct this.

Domestic Intelligence Networks, Part 2

National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan

The plan established norms for collecting, analyzing, and storing criminal intelligence within legal guidelines.

Regional Information Sharing System

RISS has six centers that share criminal information with investigators working on a variety of criminal activities, including terrorism.

Homeland Security Information Network

Computer-based counterterrorism communications system connecting all fifty states, five territories, Washington, D.C., and fifty major urban areas.

Helps provide situational awareness

Facilitates information sharing and collaboration with homeland security partners throughout the federal, state, and local levels.

Provides advanced analytic capabilities

Enables real-time sharing of threat information

Fusion Centers

Fusion centers were designed to place all intelligence in a single center, combining multiple agencies in a single unit to analyze all types of threats.

Raw information comes to fusion centers.

The raw information is analyzed to reveal patterns of activities, behaviors, vulnerabilities and possible attacks.

Intelligence product is returned to the field on a need to know basis.

Regional Crime Gun Centers (RCGC)

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) began to centralize its efforts to gather intelligence for reducing gun violence over the next decade

Created specialized intelligence units aimed at specific crimes would become the basis of the fusion centers.

Although the centers were operating by the beginning of the twenty-first century, Carter reports that they had some drawbacks.

U.S. Attorneys and the JTTF

Each U.S. Attorney’s office has an Anti-Terrorist Assistance Coordinator (ATAC):

Coordinates the collection of criminal intelligence

Shares intelligence among federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies

Each regional FBI office has a field intelligence coordinator who works with members of the ATAC and JTTF.

Law Enforcement’s Special Role

The problem of terrorism brings the need for preemptive, offensive policing to a new level.

Offensive action begins in the local community.

Counterterrorism uses many of the skills already employed in preventive patrol, criminal investigation, and surveillance.

Role of Symbols and Structures

Ian Lesser outlines three forms of terrorism: symbolic, pragmatic, and systematic.

Symbolic terrorism is a dramatic attack to show vulnerability.

Symbols can have literal and abstract meanings.

The key to security is to enhance protection while maintaining openness.

Creating a Culture of Sharing

RISS information network is ideal for sharing intelligence.

The High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas system and the El Paso Intelligence Center are sources for information sharing.

International Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts routinely shares information. Robert Taylor found two primary weaknesses in the U.S. systems:

– Intelligence is not properly analyzed.

– Agencies do not coordinate information.

Intelligence-Led Policing, Part 1

Intelligence-led policing is a continuation of community policing.

Police officers anticipate and solve community problems with citizens before an increase in crime and social disorder.

Intelligence-led policing is part of a process to guide the deployment of law enforcement resources.

Intelligence-Led Policing, Part 2

David Carter sees intelligence-led policing as the logical outcome of the intelligence process.

As police agencies adopted community policing strategies, officers developed various skills

Citing the NCISP, Carter says that these skills have created a reliable and continuous flow of information between the community and the police. It is a gateway to the prevention of terrorism.

Intelligence Reform

The Washington Post (Priest & Arkin, 2010) found that the intelligence community had grown so large that no one could account for its costs.

The Post concluded that the massive endeavor was unmanaged, ineffective, and operated with no clear lines of authority.

Its worst characteristic was that the intelligence community did not produce credible information about potential threats.

Moving in the Right Direction?, Part 1

The reorganization of intelligence under the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) signals the beginning of improvement.

The ODNI is able to balance the needs of information of all the intelligence agencies.

The ODNI has also been able to attack the problem of group think by placing analysts in critical thinking training during the first stages of their careers.

Moving in the Right Direction?, Part 2

Overabundant secrecy and manipulation of “need to know” information creates power structures among law enforcement and intelligence agencies.

Information should be developed and shared to produce outcomes.

Classification should be designed to protect sources, not information.

Moving in the Right Direction?, Part 3

Group think leads to a three-part pattern.

There is sufficient new information about a surprise activity before a terrorist attack develops.

Analysts ignore new information, and focus on their previous experiences with terrorism.

The real life outcome is a surprise.

Chapter Take Aways, Part 1

Homeland security involves a variety of activities from all levels of government, law enforcement agencies, the military, intelligence agencies, and the private sector.

Preventing terrorism is the result gathering and analyzing information.

This is accomplished under two sets of laws, one guiding criminal intelligence and the other focused on national security.

Chapter Take Aways, Part 2

While this is extremely complicated, the NCISP has provided guidelines and standards for combing the intelligence process.

This takes place in 72 regional fusion centers.

Homeland security is ever-changing, and the intelligence process must always be reviewed and changed to meet new threats.

Terrorism and Homeland Security, 9e

CHAPTER 15 Jonathan R. White

Learning Objectives, Part 1

Explain the dangers of restricting freedom in the name of security.

Differentiate between civil liberties and human rights.

List the controversial powers granted to the government by the USA PATRIOT Act.

Summarize the limitations placed on law enforcement in the USA FREEDOM Act.

List the constitutional issues that affect homeland security.

Learning Objectives, Part 2

Summarize how the Bill of Rights impacts law enforcement.

Cite the issues surrounding executive power to combat terrorism.

Explain due process in the Fourteenth Amendment.

Describe courts’ responses to attempts to counter terrorism with increased governmental executive branch power.

Summarize emerging criminal justice scholarship focusing on governmental power.

The Security Conundrum

The USA Patriot Act of 2001 was passed within weeks of the September attacks.

The 9/11 Commission issued a report calling for the complete overhaul of the U.S. intelligence system.

The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan set standards for a new system of domestic intelligence gathering and analysis.

Human Rights and Civil Liberties

Human rights focus on the legal right to exist in a society where people are free from arbitrary coercion.

Human rights intersect terrorism and homeland security in two controversial areas:

Terrorist attacks on innocent civilians violate the human right of people to exist apart from political violence against innocent people.

Governments must respect the human rights of their opponents.

Governmental Power Debate

Opponents of increased governmental power focus their criticism on the government’s intelligence activities or information gathering.

Supporters of increased intelligence activities say that a nation cannot fight terrorism without gathering intelligence.

Debate and the 2006 Law

Several lawmakers were concerned about provisions for gathering secret information and stipulations about the denial of legal representation in terrorism investigations.

Under the renewed act, when the government seeks information, the request can be challenged in court.

Some of the less-controversial articles were renewed.

Extending Provisions in 2011

The Attorney General asked for permission to continue roving wiretaps.

Law enforcement officials have expanded powers to gather evidence in national security cases.

The government has the right to conduct wiretaps of noncitizens that are suspected of acts that threaten national security.

Debate in 2015

Intelligence surveillance orders of unknown targets.

Secret surveillance of non-citizens unassociated with terrorism.

Mass surveillance of e-mails, phone calls, and Internet traffic.

Sharing private information with the CIA.

Label activists as terrorists.

Seizure of property without a hearing.

USA FREEDOM Act of 2015

Bars the bulk collection of American’s telephone records and Internet data

Limits the government’s ability to collect data

Requires agencies to ask for specific data

Restores governmental authority to conduct roving wiretaps and to engage in surveillance of suspected lone wolf terrorists

Federal law enforcement agencies will face greater scrutiny from FISA Courts.

Gives organizations and private companies more authority to publically report FISA requests

Separation of Powers

The U.S. Constitution separates the powers of the three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial, known as the separation of powers.

Powers not explicitly given to the federal government go to the states.

The Bill of Rights also comes into play.

Fear of Law Enforcement Power

Cole and Dempsey worry that Congress has given agencies, including the FBI and CIA, too much power to share intelligence without judicial review.

The issues about executive power form the crux of the debate about civil rights and security.

Increased Executive Powers

Wanting to do everything possible to catch terrorists, the Department of Justice scrapped the restrictions it had earlier placed on agents.

New guidelines, executive orders, and military tribunals have created strange twists in the criminal justice system.

Wedgwood argues that indefinite detention by executive order is not the most suitable alternative.

Limiting Executive Powers

1968 Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

Title III of the safe-streets act mandates judicial review of police surveillance.

1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

Various forms of eavesdropping can be used to gather intelligence.

The courts have not been as vigilant in protecting individual rights during intelligence cases as they have been in criminal trials.

Executive Power and the Courts

The Supreme Court ruled that the detainees in Guantánamo could contest the charges against them.

The Supreme Court declared that the military tribunal system established for enemy combatants was illegal.

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Domestic Terrorism; CHAPTER 13: An Introduction to Homeland Security & CHAPTER 15: Homeland Security and Constitutional Issues) Categorize the forms of domestic terrorism. 2. Lis

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