June 14, 2022

You selected a population (African American) ?Step 2 of McCollum’s model of Mental Health Education is ‘Needs Identification’.? This step entails identifying the in

You selected a population (African American) Step 2 of McCollum's model of Mental Health Education is "Needs Identification". This step entails identifying the interests and needs of the target population. Think about the population you selected in module 2 and answer the below questions.

Identify the measurement tool you will use for your project.
Discuss each of the constructs measured.
How does the measurement identify your target population's interests and needs?
How will you present the data to justify the development of your program?

Module3-DeterminantsofMentalHealth-1.pptx

Determinants of Mental Health

CHAPTER 3

Measuring Mental Health (1 of 4)

The Kessler Psychological Distress Scales K-10 and K-6 were developed by Kessler and colleagues (2002, 2003).

There are two versions of these scales: self-administered and interviewer administered.

These scales have been translated into Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, and Spanish.

The K-10 scale has been used by the World Health Organization (WHO) in its World Mental Health surveys, which include approximately 250,000 people in 30 countries all over the world.

Measuring Mental Health (2 of 4)

The SF-36 (Ware, Gandek, & the International Quality of Life Assessment [IQOLA] Project Group, 1994; Ware, Kosinski, & Keller, 1994) consists of 36 questions that measure physical health and mental health.

It has been used in over 4,000 publications in 50 countries.

The eight scales in this instrument are physical functioning, role—physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role—emotional, and mental health.

Measuring Mental Health (3 of 4)

A shorter version of the SF-36 has been developed: the SF-12, with just 12 items (Ware, Kosinski, & Keller, 1995). It is available for self-administration as well as for interview administration.

Another instrument was developed by Berkman (1971). This is an eight-item Index of Psychological Well-Being, used to measure mental health in a general population through a mail-questionnaire survey.

Measuring Mental Health (4 of 4)

Distress Questionnaire-5 (DQ5) (Batterham et al., 2016, p. 38):

“In the last 30 days…

My worries overwhelmed me.

I felt hopeless.

I found social settings upsetting.

I had trouble staying focused on tasks.

Anxiety or fear interfered with my ability to do the things I needed to do at work or at home.”

The scale is rated on a frequency response of (1) never, (2) rarely, (3) sometimes, (4) often, and (5) always with a range of 5 to 25 units and higher scores indicative of distress.

Use of Theory

Theory: Conceptualization to explain or predict a phenomenon using empirically tested constructs

Use of theory is vital in designing interventions as it helps in focusing on salient constructs to change and thus makes the program effective and efficient.

Genesis of Evidence-Based Health Promotion

First generation: Knowledge-based programs based on knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys

Second generation: Skill-based interventions such as problem-solving skills

Third generation: Theory-based interventions such as those based on social cognitive theory, health belief model, etc.

Fourth generation: Multi-theory models that extract viable constructs from multiple theories and utilize them to design precision interventions. Positive and negative determinants for mental health will be presented, which can be chosen to design interventions.

Positive Factors Affecting Mental Health (1 of 11)

Hardiness

Suzanne Kobasa (1979a, 1979b) conducted an 8-year study of executives undergoing the major stress of losing their jobs or being reassigned and found that individuals who displayed a certain set of personality characteristics remained healthier and happier during the crisis.

Three constructs: Control, commitment, and challenge

Positive Factors Affecting Mental Health (2 of 11)

Hardiness constructs

Control refers to a person’s belief that he or she causes the events of his or her life and can influence the environment.

Commitment refers to a person’s tendency to become involved in whatever he or she encounters or to a feeling of deep involvement in the activities of life.

Challenge refers to a person’s willingness to undertake change, confront new activities, and obtain opportunities for growth.

Positive Factors Affecting Mental Health (3 of 11)

Sense of coherence

Comprehensibility: Extent to which one perceives that the stressors that confront one make cognitive sense, implying that there is some set structure, consistency, order, clarity, and predictability.

Manageability: Extent to which one feels that the resources under one’s control are adequate to meet the demands posed by the stressors.

Meaningfulness: Extent to which one feels that life makes sense emotionally and that at least some of the stressors in life are worth investing energy in and are worthy of commitment and engagement.

Positive Factors Affecting Mental Health (4 of 11)

Acculturation

Entails the social and psychological exchanges that take place when there is continuous contact and interaction between individuals from different cultures

Four modes of acculturation:

Integration is the identification and involvement of an immigrant with both native and new cultures. This is the mode that is linked to the most optimal mental health outcomes.

Positive Factors Affecting Mental Health (5 of 11)

Modes of acculturation (continued)

Assimilation is the condition in which the immigrant identifies solely with the new culture.

Separation is the situation in which the individual is involved only in the native culture.

Marginalization is the lack of involvement in either culture and rejection of both of them.

Assimilation, separation, and marginalization have been associated with increasingly poorer mental health outcomes.

Positive Factors Affecting Mental Health (6 of 11)

Acculturation is a multidimensional process consisting of the amalgamation of the “heritage-cultural” and “receiving-cultural” practices, values, and identifications.

The term heritage culture refers to the culture of origin of the person.

Receiving culture refers to the culture in which the person migrates.

Multidimensionality refers to the multifarious exchanges and aspects of the cultures.

Positive Factors Affecting Mental Health (7 of 11)

Social support

Emotional support, which entails providing understanding, love, caring, and reliance

Informational support, which entails providing information, guidance, and counsel

Instrumental support, which entails providing concrete assistance and support

Appraisal support, which entails providing evaluative assistance

Positive Factors Affecting Mental Health (8 of 11)

Optimism

The tendency to expect the best possible outcome or to think about the most hopeful aspects of any situation

Affects a person’s efforts to avoid illness by increasing attention to information about potential health threats

Directly improves coping

Acts through its influence on the maintenance of positive mood

Positive Factors Affecting Mental Health (9 of 11)

Self-esteem

Favorable or unfavorable attitude toward oneself

An individual’s sense of one’s own worth or the extent of an individual’s approval, value, appreciation, or liking of oneself

Low self-esteem is associated with depression and academic failure.

Self-esteem is an important protective factor for mental health.

Positive Factors Affecting Mental Health (10 of 11)

Internal locus of control, self-efficacy, and satisfaction with life

Locus of control is an individual’s belief about where the command of happenings in one’s life is located.

Self-efficacy refers to the confidence that a person has in his or her ability to pursue a behavior.

Satisfaction with life is also associated with good mental health.

Positive Factors Affecting Mental Health (11 of 11)

Resilience

The ability to rebound in the face of adversity

Helps protect oneself against mental health problems that include depression and anxiety

Social capital

All characteristics of social life, such as networks, norms, and trust, that enable members to act together in pursuing shared objectives

Negative Factors Affecting Mental Health (1 of 5)

Socioeconomic factors

Poverty and lack of education have consistently been linked with poorer mental health.

Loneliness

Feelings of loneliness are generally associated with poor mental health.

Negative familial factors

Factors associated with dysfunctional families or associated with negative characteristics in families are also detrimental to mental health.

Negative Factors Affecting Mental Health (2 of 5)

Sleep problems

Sleep problems or disturbed sleep can lead to poor mental health.

Stress (distress)

Stress that is not managed effectively can lead to poor mental health and is known as distress.

Negative Factors Affecting Mental Health (3 of 5)

Migration

Moving from one country, place, or locality to another.

Higher rates of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders have consistently been reported in migrant populations.

Substance use

Substance use is generally a negative factor that adversely affects mental health.

Negative Factors Affecting Mental Health (4 of 5)

Climate change

Climate change, in the form of extreme weather events, has a direct impact on mental health.

Besides the direct effect, climate change also affects the social, economic, and environmental determinants of mental health.

Climate change has the potential to produce distress and anxiety.

Negative Factors Affecting Mental Health (5 of 5)

Physical and sexual abuse

Associated with poorer mental health.

Physical violence

Those experiencing physical violence have poorer mental health.

Chronic physical illnesses

Those suffering from chronic physical illnesses have poorer mental health.

Imbalances in work life

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You selected a population (African American) ?Step 2 of McCollum’s model of Mental Health Education is ‘Needs Identification’.? This step entails identifying the in

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