Running head: THE LOOK, THINK, ACT CYCLE 1

The Look, Think, Act Cycle

Angela M Miller

Your University

October 13, 2020

1.

THE LOOK, THINK, ACT CYCLE

Introduction

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work. In this

assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or thesis, one book

and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as well as compare

and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Research Steps

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

The Problem

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work. In this

assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or thesis, one book

and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as well as compare

and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

The Purpose

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

2

THE LOOK, THINK, ACT CYCLE

The Variables

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

The Question/Hypothesis

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Research Methodology Design and Analyses

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Methodology

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Population

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Sampling Method

3

THE LOOK, THINK, ACT CYCLE

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Length of the Study

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Data Collection

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Statistical Analysis

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Findings

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Findings of this study

4

THE LOOK, THINK, ACT CYCLE

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Did the Author address the Question/Hypothesis

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Conclusion

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Recommendations

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Relevancy

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

Health Care Usage

5

THE LOOK, THINK, ACT CYCLE

In this assignment we were asked to find two peer reviewed articles, one dissertation or

thesis, one book and one miscellaneous item. We were to complete an annotated bibliography, as

well as compare and contrast the selected items. Below you will find my work.

6

THE LOOK, THINK, ACT CYCLE

References

7

1Alshammary SA, et al. BMJ Open Quality 2021;10:e001391. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2021-001391

Open access

Enhancing palliative care occupancy and efficiency: a quality improvement project that uses a healthcare pathway for service integration and policy development

Sami Ayed Alshammary,1 Yacoub Abuzied ,2 Savithiri Ratnapalan3

To cite: Alshammary SA, Abuzied Y, Ratnapalan S. Enhancing palliative care occupancy and efficiency: a quality improvement project that uses a healthcare pathway for service integration and policy development. BMJ Open Quality 2021;10:e001391. doi:10.1136/ bmjoq-2021-001391

Received 13 February 2021 Accepted 10 October 2021

1Department of Palliative Care, Comprehensive Cancer Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 2Department of Nursing, Rehabilitation Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 3Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Correspondence to Yacoub Abuzied; [email protected] gmail. com

Original research

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re- use permitted under CC BY- NC. No commercial re- use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

ABSTRACT This article described our experience in implementing a quality improvement project to overcome the bed overcapacity problem at a comprehensive cancer centre in a tertiary care centre. We formed a multidisciplinary team including a representative from patient and family support (six members), hospice care and home care services (four members), multidisciplinary team development (four members) and the national lead. The primary responsibility of the formulated team was implementing measures to optimise and manage patient flow. We used the plan– do–study–act cycle to engage all stakeholders from all service layers, test some interventions in simplified pilots and develop a more detailed plan and business case for further implementation and roll- out, which was used as a problem- solving approach in our project for refining a process or implementing changes. As a result, we observed a significant reduction in bed capacity from 35% in 2017 to 13.8% in 2018. While the original length of stay (LOS) was 28 days, the average LOS was 19 days in 2017 (including the time before and after the intervention), 10.8 days in 2018 (after the intervention was implemented), 10.1 days in 2019 and 16 days in 2020. The increase in 2020 parameters was caused by the COVID- 19 pandemic, since many patients did not enrol in our new care model. Using a systematic care delivery approach by a multidisciplinary team improves significantly reduced bed occupancy and reduces LOS for palliative care patients.

PROBLEM STATEMENT Palliative care is vital to enhance the quality of life for curative patients, seriously ill patients, patients in terminal stages or patients with considerable pain, including patients with cancer. In collaboration with other depart- ments, the palliative care department (PCD) provides inpatient and outpatient care to optimise the target patients’ well- being. Unfortunately, unexpected bed overcapacity by palliative care patients has been observed to highlight an urgent need for improvement.

The PCD is part of a comprehensive cancer centre (CCC) at King Fahad Medical City (KFMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. KFMC is a

Ministry of Health tertiary care complex hospital with 1200 beds. It served around 30 000 inpatients and 500 000 outpatients annu- ally. The CCC is part of the national cancer strategy and is considered a primary ministry of a health reference centre for patients with cancer from all Saudi Arabia regions. The centre covers haematology, bone and marrow transplant and medical oncology for adult and paediatric patients, in addition to radi- ation therapy and palliative treatment. The total bed capacity for palliative care in CCC represents 87 beds.

Based on the available logistic patient’s information, the PCD established a plan to have an occupancy rate of around 10% of all beds in CCC for palliative care patients. However, we observed that palliative care patients occupied 35%–50% of all CCCs, representing around 300% of allocated to palliative care patients. This bed overca- pacity leads to hospital- wide logistic and clin- ical burdens. It contributed to an increased burden on human resources, leading to staff shortage and increasing healthcare providers’ workload. Besides, bed overcapacity disrupts other services such as the emergency depart- ment, internal medicine and surgery by displaced patients with cancer and unplanned emergency room (ER) visits. Concurrently, we observed a prolonged length of stay (LOS) for palliative care patients with a LOS average of 28 days. Figure 1 shows the problem high- lights and critical challenging.

The quality team at PCD realised the burden of this problem. We implemented a quality improvement project to reduce the overbed capacity for palliative care patients from 35% in January 2017 by 10% by May 2018 in CCC. We aimed to reduce palliative care patients' average LOS (ALOS) from 28 days in January 2018 by 20% in May 2018.

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2 Alshammary SA, et al. BMJ Open Quality 2021;10:e001391. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2021-001391

Open access

BACKGROUND Palliative care aims to improve the quality of life for both patients and families. It focuses on preventing and miti- gating suffering from physical, psychological, social or spiritual symptoms associated with life- threatening condi- tions.1 Palliative care is provided by a multidisciplinary team, as it requires integration and management for multiple internal and external services and entities.

Integration of palliative care into public health systems and other care levels is an ethical responsibility,2 yet more than 85% of patients globally who need palliative care cannot reach it.1 Improving access to palliative care requires increasing the capacity of an existing programme and developing healthcare programmes. More attention should be given to understanding and organising palli- ative care, training healthcare providers and providing public education. Decision- makers should address the multidisciplinary healthcare professions, policy and procedures, required resources, required knowledge and skills and education.1 3

Ignoring the current state resources, prioritising bed allocation, targeted stakeholders or the required skills and knowledge will lead to misusing or overusing the resources. For example, many of the available beds are occupied by patients requiring alternative care levels or receiving in- hospital care when not needed (unneces- sarily occupying of bed).

Struggling with bed congestion (overcapacity) is a global problem for the healthcare system. Usually is reflected by mismatches between capacity and demand while providing care.4 5 It contributed to a chronic bed shortage, staff shortage and increased the burden on other departments, leading to overcrowded, delay in care and financial consequences, insufficient coordination between departments and prolonged LOS.6–8

Healthcare management identifies the way a healthcare facility is organised and coordinated. It contributed to finding solutions in different healthcare areas, including bed capacity and LOS. For example, management of bed overcapacity varied according to specified problems or departments (one size does not fit all). The different intervention has been applied to manage overcapacity problems. Examples of these strategies include the

overcapacity management model,4 dynamic inpatient bed management by reducing non- emergency department (ED) admissions,8 full capacity protocol,9 diagnostic- therapeutic- assistance path,10–12 discharge lounge,13 bed huddles,14 reopening previously closed beds or adding new beds5 or forecasting modelling framework.15 These interventions focused on expanding, reducing the boarding time, reducing the LOS, improving patients’ flow, free up available spaces or forecasting modelling.

Palliative care aims to support people with complex needs by providing care by different specialties. Using a multidisciplinary team and integrating a structured method to assess and treat palliative care patients is essential to ensure consistency and a systematic approach in delivering palliative care.16 We believe that a system- atic care delivery approach for improving an existing capacity is necessary to provide the proper care, right place and right time. There was a real need to improve palliative care bed occupancy and efficiency in order to provide proper care for all patients and the projected proposal was strongly agreed upon and supported by the leaders, where this will improve palliative care in general, mainly bed occupancy and cost- effectiveness. Where our aim was to reduce the overbed capacity for palliative care patients in CCC. Also, we aimed to reduce the ALOS of palliative care patients, as well as their cost- effectiveness. From the start, we established a plan that included frequent multidisciplinary meet- ings to ensure the success, development and sustain- ability of our project, as well as an evaluation process of weekly challenges, obstacles and accomplishments. The assumptions were that by having an organised team and support from the institution and leader, the outcomes would be as predicted and ideal. This article described our experience implementing a quality improvement project to overcome the bed overcapacity problem at a CCC in a tertiary care centre. This article followed the Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excel- lence (SQUIRE) guidelines.17 The SQUIRE guidelines provide a framework to report on new insights into how healthcare is improved. They are intended for reports describing healthcare workers’ quality, safety and value at the system level.

MEASUREMENTS For this project, we collected data before and after the initiation of the quality improvement project. We calcu- lated the CCC bed occupancy rate by palliative care patients monthly. Then, we divided the mean number of monthly beds occupied by palliative care patients by the total number of all CCC beds (87 beds). We also calcu- lated the entire LOS days and the average LOS for pallia- tive care patients in CCC by reviewing the date of hospital admissions and hospital discharges. Also, we calculated the average monthly number of unplanned ER visits by palliative care patients (table 1).

Figure 1 2017 statistics and key challenges. MDT, multidisciplinary team; PCA, patient control analgesia.

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3Alshammary SA, et al. BMJ Open Quality 2021;10:e001391. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2021-001391

Open access

ER visits of 2020 are mostly patients who were not recruited into our new model of care. Therefore, we expect this indicator to lag behind 8–12 months.

We calculated the cost of care for admitted palliative care patients by multiplying the total number of patient’s days by the estimated cost per patient. To meet our project goals for reducing bed overcapacity and LOS for palliative care patients, we planned to start measuring from January 2017 and continue counting until December 2020 (1000 days for PC transformation). Measuring project indica- tors over a long time will allow us to observe the improve- ment and observe its sustainability. Data were collected by trained staff from the quality improvement team at PCD.

Baseline measurement showed that the average number of beds used by palliative care patients in CCC

was 30, representing 35% of CCC bed occupancy. This rate exceeds three times the planned rate of 10% of CCC beds by palliative care patients. The baseline average LOS was 28 days. The number of unplanned ER visits was 7.9 in 2017. The cost of care for admitted palliative care patients in CCC was US$18 170 000.

Patient and public involvement Patients were not specifically included in the analysis since all statistics were gathered from the department’s database, including data on admissions and discharges during their stay at the hospital if their permission is not necessary as the approval received from the department chair.

Design Understanding the system’s complexity and its interac- tion is crucial for successfully implementing any quality improvement project.18 Palliative care is a complex setting requiring a multidisciplinary team and a system- atic approach to assess and treat patients.16 Similarly, solving problems and improving the palliative care setting processes required a systematic approach involving all stakeholders. Therefore, we initiated a future state pathway map for the palliative care process (figure 2). We formed a multidisciplinary team, including a represent- ative from patients and family support (six members), hospice care and home care services (four members), multidisciplinary team development (four members) and the national lead. The primary responsibility of the formulated team was implementing measures to optimise and manage patient flow.

To measure our quality improvement project’s effec- tiveness on the process, we implemented a pre and post quasi- experimental design, in which the observations are made before and after the intervention. We analysed the

Table 1 Unplanned emergency room visits by palliative care patients

2017 2018 2019 2020

January 5 5 8 7

February 8 5 7 4

March 5 9 7 6

April 9 5 4 11

May 10 9 2 9

June 9 7 11 13

July 9 5 8 6

August 9 6 9 9

September 13 4 8 10

October 6 5 5 12

November 5 3 9 7

December 7 4 9 7

Annual average 7.92 5.58 7.25 8.42

Figure 2 Future state pathway map—palliative care.

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4 Alshammary SA, et al. BMJ Open Quality 2021;10:e001391. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2021-001391

Open access

data over time and presented them using run charts and tables. To ensure that the improvement is related to the intervention, we measured the data for a long time; more specifically, we measured the data in 4 years (2017–2020). To make our intervention sustainable, we developed and implemented relevant tools, policies and procedures. We set goals for a 100- day plan to complete our inter- vention (figures 3 and 4). In addition, we calculated and compared the cost of care.

Strategy Our smart aim was to reduce the overbed capacity for palliative care patients from 35% in January 2018 to 10% by May 2018 in CCC. Also, we aimed to reduce the ALOS

of palliative care patients from 28 days in January 2018 by 20% in May 2018. Plan–do–study–act cycle was used as a problem- solving approach in our project for refining a process or implementing changes to enl

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