This weeks chapter discusses the sentencing aspect of the criminal justice system.?? Traditional sentencing options have included imprisonment, fines
Chapter 9
Part 1 of 3
This week’s chapter discusses the sentencing aspect of the criminal justice system. Traditional sentencing options have included imprisonment, fines, probation and death.
Historically, the range of these options changes based the understanding of crimes and the goals of sentencing. Sentencing philosophies or the justification on which various strategies are based are intertwined with issues of religion, morals, values and emotions. These changes are usually a direct result of the social values of the times (Schmalleger, 2018).
Regardless of the reasoning behind which sentencing was chosen, the ultimate goal has always been deterrence. There are two types of deterrence: general and specific.
What do both terms mean and how are they used to promote compliance within society? Give examples and your opinion.
Schmalleger, F. (2018). Criminal justice: A brief introduction (12th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. ISBN: 13:978-0-13-455975-9
Part 2 of 3
Another facet of sentencing that is usually forgotten is the victim. Most of the components of the criminal justice system focus of the police/district attorney office following the rules to ensure that the defendant (person arrested) rights are not violated. Everyone forgets the victim. The person whose rights were already violated by the defendant.
There are many different types of victim advocacy groups/ victim rights movements across the United States. (name a few) What is the mission of these groups? What are they trying to accomplish? Do you are or disagree with their tactics?
Which amendment(s) would be utilized to protect the victims?
Remember your initial post is due on Wednesdays and your citations must be in APA style. (minimum of 250 words)
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Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor Emeritus The University of North Carolina at Pembroke
Criminal Justice A Brief Introduction
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Schmalleger, Frank, author. Title: Criminal justice : A Brief Introduction / Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D.,
Distinguished Professor Emeritus, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke.
Description: 12th edition. | Boston : Pearson, [2018] | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016030348 | ISBN 9780134548623 | ISBN 0134548620 Subjects: LCSH: Criminal justice, Administration of–United States. |
Crime–United States. | Law enforcement–United States. Classification: LCC HV9950 .S34 2018 | DDC 364.973–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016030348
ISBN10: 0-13-454862-0 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-454862-3
SVE ISBN-10: 0-13-455978-9 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-455978-0
For Ava, Malia, Michelle, and Nicole
Part 1 Crime in America Chapter 1 What Is Criminal Justice? 1
Chapter 2 The Crime Picture 22
Chapter 3 Criminal Law 61
Part 2 Policing Chapter 4 Policing: Purpose and
Organization 90
Chapter 5 Policing: Legal Aspects 125
Chapter 6 Policing: Issues and Challenges 170
Part 3 Adjudication Chapter 7 The Courts 212
Chapter 8 The Courtroom Work Group and the Criminal Trial 236
Chapter 9 Sentencing 271
Part 4 Corrections Chapter 10 Probation, Parole, and Community
Corrections 315
Chapter 11 Prisons and Jails 344
Chapter 12 Prison Life 376
Part 5 The Juvenile Justice System Chapter 13 Juvenile Justice 414
iii
Brief Contents
This page intentionally left blank
Preface xv Acknowledgments xxii About the Author xxiii
Part 1 Crime in America Chapter 1 What Is Criminal Justice? 1
Introduction 2
A Brief History of Crime in America 3
The Theme of This Book 6
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. Clarence Thomas Says: “Freedom Means Responsibility” 7
Criminal Justice and Basic Fairness 8
American Criminal Justice: System and Functions 10
The Consensus Model 10
CJ News Surveillance Technology Has Been Blanketing the Nation Since 9/11 11
The Conflict Model 12
American Criminal Justice: The Process 12
Due Process and Individual Rights 13
The Role of the Courts in Defining Rights 13
The Ultimate Goal: Crime Control through Due Process 14
CJ Exhibit Sentinel Events 15
Evidence-Based Practice in Criminal Justice 15
The Start of Academic Criminal Justice 16
Multiculturalism and Diversity in Criminal Justice 16
PaYiNg For it Cost-Efficient Criminal Justice 17
CJ Careers Careers in Criminal Justice 18
Summary 20
Questions for Review 21
Chapter 2 The Crime Picture 22 Introduction 23
Crime Data and Social Policy 23
The Collection of Crime Data 24
The UCR/NIBRS Program 24
Development of the UCR Program 24
The National Incident-Based Reporting System 26
Historical Trends 27
UCR/NIBRS in Transition 30
Part I Offenses 31
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. A Dress Code for Bank Customers? 32
CJ News “Flash Robs”: A Social Media Phenomenon 37
CJ issues Race and the Criminal Justice System 39 Part II Offenses 42
Contents
v
The National Crime Victimization Survey 42
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. Can Citizens Have Too Much Privacy? 43 Comparisons of the UCR and the NCVS 45
Special Categories of Crime 46
Crime against Women 47
Crime against the Elderly 48
Hate Crime 49
Corporate and White-Collar Crime 50
Organized Crime 51
Gun Crime 52
Drug Crime 54
Cybercrime 55
Terrorism 57
CJ Exhibit 2–1 What Is Terrorist Activity? 58 Crime in International Context 59
Summary 60
Questions for Review 60
Chapter 3 Criminal Law 61 Introduction 62
The Nature and Purpose of Law 62
The Rule of Law 63
Types of Law 64
Criminal Law 64
Statutory Law 64
Civil Law 65
Administrative Law 66
Case Law 66
General Categories of Crime 66
Felonies 66
Misdemeanors 66
Infractions 67
Treason 67
Espionage 67
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. Should Violent Speech Be Free Speech? 68 Inchoate Offenses 68
General Features of Crime 69
The Criminal Act (Actus Reus) 69
A Guilty Mind (Mens Rea) 70
Concurrence 72
Other Features of Crime 72
Elements of a Specific Criminal Offense 73
The Example of Murder 74
The Corpus Delicti of a Crime 75
Types of Defenses to a Criminal Charge 76
Multiculturalism and Diversity Islamic Law 77 Alibi 78
Justifications 78
Excuses 80
Procedural Defenses 86
Summary 88
Questions for Review 89
vi Contents
Part 2 Policing Chapter 4 Policing: Purpose and Organization 90
Introduction 91
The Police Mission 91
Enforcing the Law 91
Apprehending Offenders 92
Preventing Crime 92
Preserving the Peace 95
Providing Services 95
American Policing Today: From the Federal to the Local Level 96
Federal Agencies 96
Ethics and Professionalism The FBI Oath 99
State Agencies 99
PaYiNg For it Policing in an Economic Downturn 100
Local Agencies 101
CJ News The Use of Social Media in Policing 102
Fusion Centers 104
Private Protective Services 105
International Police Agencies 106
Police Administration 108
CJ Careers Security Professional 109
Police Organization and Structure 109
Chain of Command 110
Policing Epochs and Styles 111
Policing Epochs 111
The Watchman Style of Policing 112
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. Liberty Is a Double-Edged Sword 112
The Legalistic Style of Policing 113
The Service Style of Policing 113
Police–Community Relations 113
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. Watch Out: You’re on Camera! 114
Team Policing 115
Community Policing 115
CJ Exhibit 4–1 The President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing 118
Evidence-Based Policing 119
The Kansas City Experiment 119
Evidence-Based Policing Today 121
Discretion and the Individual Officer 122
Summary 123
Questions for Review 124
Chapter 5 Policing: Legal Aspects 125 Introduction 126
The Abuse of Police Power 126
A Changing Legal Climate 127
Individual Rights 128
Checks and Balances 128
Due-Process Requirements 128
viiContents
Search and Seizure 129
The Exclusionary Rule 129
Judicial Philosophy and the U.S. Supreme Court 133
CJ Exhibit 5–1 Plain-View Requirements 138
CJ Careers Patrol Officer 140
Detention and Arrest 140
CJ News Supreme Court Says Police Need Warrant for GPS Tracking 142
Searches Incident to Arrest 143
CJ News Supreme Court Says Police Need Warrants Before Searching Cell Phones 146
Emergency Searches of Persons 146
Vehicle Searches 147
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. Religion and Public Safety 149
Suspicionless Searches 151
High-Technology Searches 152
The Intelligence Function 153
Informants 153
Police Interrogation 154
The Right to a Lawyer at Interrogation 157
Suspect Rights: The Miranda Decision 157
CJ Exhibit 5–2 The Miranda Warnings 158
Gathering of Special Kinds of Nontestimonial Evidence 162
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. Policing in the Age of Social Media 163
Electronic Eavesdropping 164
CJ Exhibit 5–3 The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 and the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 167
Summary 169
Questions for Review 169
Chapter 6 Policing: Issues and Challenges 170 Introduction 171
Police Personality and Culture 171
Corruption and Integrity 172
CJ issues Rightful Policing 173 Money—The Root of Police Evil? 176
Building Police Integrity 177
Ethics and Professionalism The Law Enforcement Oath of Honor 178 Drug Testing of Police Employees 178
The Dangers of Police Work 179
Violence in the Line of Duty 179
CJ News DNA Sampling Solves Some of the Toughest Cases 180
Risk of Disease and Infected Evidence 180
Stress and Fatigue among Police Officers 182
CJ Careers Police Officer 184
CJ issues The Use of Social Media in Policing 185
Terrorism’s Impact on Policing 186
The FBI’s Joint Terrorism Task Forces 188
Intelligence-Led Policing and Antiterrorism 188
Information Sharing and Antiterrorism 189
PaYiNg For it Cost-Efficient Policing 190
viii Contents
Police Civil Liability 190
Common Sources of Civil Suits 191
Federal Lawsuits 192
CJ News Is the Video Recording of Police Activity in a Public Place Legal? 194
Racial Profiling and Biased Policing 195
Racial Profiling 195
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. Was the NYPD’s Monitoring of Muslim Groups a Form of Religious Profiling? 197
Racially Biased Policing 198
Police Use of Force 199
Deadly Force 200
CJ Exhibit 6–1 Taking Policing to a Higher Standard 201
Less-Lethal Weapons 203
Professionalism and Ethics 204
Ethics and Professionalism The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics 204
Education and Training 205
Recruitment and Selection 206
Ethnic and Gender Diversity in Policing 207
Multiculturalism and Diversity Investigating Crime in a Multicultural Setting 208
Women as Effective Police Officers 209
Summary 210
Questions for Review 211
Part 3 Adjudication Chapter 7 The Courts 212
Introduction 213
History and Structure of the American Court System 213
The State Court System 214
The Development of State Courts 214
State Court Systems Today 215
CJ News State Budget Cuts Wreak Havoc on the Courts 216
The Federal Court System 220
U.S. District Courts 220
U.S. Courts of Appeal 221
The U.S. Supreme Court 222
PaYiNg For it Cost-Efficient Courts 224
Pretrial Activities 224
The First Appearance 224
CJ Careers Surety Agent 226
Multiculturalism and Diversity The International Criminal Court 228
CJ Exhibit 7–1 Nonjudicial Pretrial Release Decisions 230
The Grand Jury 232
The Preliminary Hearing 232
Arraignment and the Plea 233
Plea Bargaining 233
ixContents
Summary 235
Questions for Review 235
Chapter 8 The Courtroom Work Group and the Criminal Trial 236
Introduction 237
The Courtroom Work Group: Professional Courtroom Actors 237
The Judge 239
The Prosecuting Attorney 240
CJ Careers Assistant District Attorney 241 The Defense Counsel 243
Ethics and Professionalism The American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct 248
The Bailiff 248
Trial Court Administrators 248
The Court Reporter 249
The Clerk of Court 249
Expert Witnesses 249
Outsiders: Nonprofessional Courtroom Participants 250
Lay Witnesses 250
Jurors 251
The Victim 252
The Defendant 253
Spectators and the Press 253
The Criminal Trial 254
Procedure 254
PaYiNg For it Cost-Efficient Courts 255 Nature and Purpose of the Criminal Trial 255
Stages in a Criminal Trial 257
Trial Initiation 258
Jury Selection 259
Opening Statements 261
Presentation of Evidence 262
CJ Exhibit 8–1 Pretrial and Post-Trial Motions 264 Closing Arguments 266
Judge’s Charge to the Jury 266
Jury Deliberations and the Verdict 267
CJ News Social Media Pose New Threats During Criminal Trials 268 Multiculturalism and Diversity The Bilingual Courtroom 269 Summary 270
Questions for Review 270
Chapter 9 Sentencing 271 Introduction 272
The Philosophy and Goals of Criminal Sentencing 272
Retribution 273
Incapacitation 274
Deterrence 274
Rehabilitation 274
Restoration 275
x Contents
Indeterminate Sentencing 276
Explanation of Indeterminate Sentencing 276
Critiques of Indeterminate Sentencing 276
Structured Sentencing 277
CJ Exhibit 9–1 Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances 279
Federal Sentencing Guidelines 279
The Legal Environment of Structured Sentencing 281
Three-Strikes Laws 283
Mandatory Sentencing 284
CJ Careers Medicolegal Death Investigator 285
Sentencing and Today’s Prison Crisis 286
Innovations in Sentencing 287
Questions about Alternative Sanctions 288
The Presentence Investigation 288
The Victim—Forgotten No Longer 290
Victims’ Rights 290
CJ Exhibit 9–2 Victims’ Rights in California 291
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. To What Degree Should the Personal Values of Workers in the Criminal Justice System Influence Job Performance? 292
Victim-Impact Statements 293
Modern Sentencing Options 293
Sentencing Rationales 293
Sentencing Practices 294
Fines 294
PaYiNg For it Cost-Efficient Corrections and Sentencing 296
Death: The Ultimate Sanction 296
Habeas Corpus Review 298
Opposition to Capital Punishment 299
CJ News Death-Row Exonerations Based on DNA Expose Flaws in Legal System 305
Justifications for Capital Punishment 306
The Courts and the Death Penalty 306
CJ News High Costs Lead to Reconsideration of Death Penalty 308
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. What Are the Limits of Genetic Privacy? 311
The Future of the Death Penalty 312
Summary 313
Questions for Review 314
Part 4 Corrections Chapter 10 Probation, Parole, and Community
Corrections 315 Introduction 316
What Is Probation? 316
The Extent of Probation 316
Probation Conditions 317
The Federal Probation System 318
Multiculturalism and Diversity Culturally Skilled Probation Officers 319
xiContents
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. Probation Condition: Do Not Get Pregnant 319
What Is Parole? 320
The Extent of Parole 321
Parole Conditions 322
Federal Parole 322
Probation and Parole: The Pluses and Minuses 323
Advantages of Probation and Parole 323
Disadvantages of Probation and Parole 324
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. Should DNA Links to Unsolved Cases Be Used to Deny Parole? 325
The Legal Environment 325
The Job of Probation and Parole Officers 327
Job Descriptions 327
PaYiNg For it Cost-Efficient Parole 328
The Challenges of the Job 328
CJ Careers Probation Officer 329
Intermediate Sanctions 330
Split Sentencing 331
Shock Probation and Shock Parole 331
Shock Incarceration 331
Ethics and Professionalism American Probation and Parole Association Code of Ethics 332
Mixed Sentencing and Community Service 332
Intensive Probation Supervision 332
Home Confinement and Remote Location Monitoring 333
The Future of Probation and Parole 335
CJ News How GPS Technology Keeps Track of Sex Offenders 336
Changes in Reentry Policies 337
The Reinvention of Probation and Evidence-Based Practices 340
CJ issues Remote Reporting Probation 342
Summary 342
Questions for Review 343
Chapter 11 Prisons and Jails 344 Introduction 345
A Brief History of Prisons 345
Prisons Today 350
PaYiNg For it California’s Public Safety Realignment 351
CJ issues California’s Public Safety Realignment (PSR) Program 354
Prisoners Today 355
Overcrowding 355
CJ News California’s Governor Wants Federal Oversight of Prisons to End 356
CJ issues The Prison Population 357
Selective Incapacitation: A Contemporary Strategy to Reduce Prison Populations 358
Security Levels 359
CJ issues Evidence-Based Corrections 360
Prison Classification Systems 361
xii Contents
The Federal Prison System 361
The Growth of Federal Prisons 365
Recent Improvements 366
Jails 366
CJ issues The Charles Colson Task Force on Federal Corrections 367
Women and Jail 368
The Growth of Jails 368
New Generation Jails 370
Jails and the Future 370
Ethics and Professionalism American Jail Association Code of Ethics for Jail Officers 371
Private Prisons 372
PaYiNg For it Cost-Efficient Corrections and Sentencing 373 CJ Exhibit 11–1 Arguments for and against the Privatization of Prisons 374
Summary 375
Questions for Review 375
Chapter 12 Prison Life 376 Introduction 377
Research on Prison Life: Total Institutions 377
The Male Inmate’s World 378
The Evolution of Prison Subcultures 379
The Functions of Prison Subcultures 379
CJ Exhibit 12–1 Prison Argot: The Language of Confinement 380
Prison Lifestyles and Inmate Types 381
Homosexuality and Sexual Victimization in Prison 382
The Female Inmate’s World 383
Sexual Victimization of Women Prisoners 384
Parents in Prison 385
Gender-Responsiveness 386
Institutions for Women 387
Social Structure in Women’s Prisons 387
Multiculturalism and Diversity The Bangkok Rules on the Treatment of Female Prisoners 388
Types of Female Inmates 389
Violence in Women’s Prisons 390
The Staff World 391
Facts and Figures 391
The Professionalization of Corrections Officers 392
Security Threat Groups and Prison Riots 392
Ethics and Professionalism American Correctional Association Code of Ethics 393
PaYiNg For it The Cost-Benefit Knowledge Bank for Criminal Justice 395
Prisoners’ Rights 397
The Legal Basis of Prisoners’ Rights 398
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. Censoring Prison Communications 399
Grievance Procedures 402
A Return to the Hands-Off Doctrine? 403
Freedom or Safety? You Decide. Should Prison Libraries Limit Access to Potentially Inflammatory Literature? 405
xiiiContents
Issues Facing Prisons Today 407
HIV/AIDS 407
Geriatric Offenders 408
Inmates with Mental Illness and Intellectual Disabilities 409
Terrorism 410
CJ News Radical Islam, Terrorism, and U.S. Prisons 411
Summary 412
Questions for Review 413
Part 5 The Juvenile Justice System Chapter 13 Juvenile Justice 414
Introduction 415
Juvenile Justice Throughout History 416
Earliest Times 416
The Juvenile Court Era 418
Categories of Children in the Juvenile Justice System 419
The Legal Environment 419
CJ News Schools Are Taking Bullying Seriously 422
Legislation Concerning Children and Justice 423
The Legal Rights of Juveniles 424
The Juvenile Justice Process Today 424
Adult and Juvenile Justice Compared 425
CJ Exhibit 13–1 Adult Criminal Case Processing Versus the Juvenile Justice System 426
How the System Works 426
CJ Exhibit 13–2 Juvenile Courts Versus Adult Courts 430
CJ News The Girls Study Group 432
Trends in Juvenile Justice 434
CJ Careers Juvenile Justice Professional 435
CJ issues Evidence-Based Juvenile Justice 436
Summary 437
Questions for Review 438
Appendix A: Bill of Rights A-1 Appendix B: List of Acronyms A-3
Glossary G-1
Notes N-1
Name Index I-1
Case Index I-7
Subject Index I-11
xiv Contents
Preface
Criminal justice is a dynamic field of study. Consider these challenges for instructors and students trying to keep pace with a field that is undergoing continual modification: the ever-evolving nature of crime, our changing understanding of justice, police—community relations in an age of social media, budgetary constraints, ongoing threats to our nation’s security, newly enacted statutes, innovations in enforcement and justice-system technol- ogy, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court decisions, a changing American society, and rapidly emerging innovations in correctional practice.
As accelerated change engulfs the American criminal justice system today, it is appropri- ate that a streamlined and up-to-date book like this should be in the hands of students. Quick and easy access to accurate and current information has become a vital part of contempo- rary life. Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction provides such access through its printed pages and interactive website with videos, point-counterpoint exercises, and numerous other features.
The first edition of Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, which was published before the Internet had become the ubiquitous tool that it is today, resulted from the real- ization that justice students need to have current information presented in a concise and affordable source. With each new edition, the availability of up-to-date crime- and justice- related information has increased. Like many of its predecessors, the twelfth edition draws upon the wealth of Internet resources that serve the needs of criminal justice students and practitioners. It ties those important resources to central ideas in the text, expanding learn- ing opportunities far beyond what was possible in the mere 400 pages of the first edition. In particular, URLs printed in the book point the way to criminal justice agencies and organiza- tions on the Internet, as well as to full-text documentation of many critical contemporary issues.
True to its origins, the twelfth edition, which is now available in a variety of print and electronic formats, focuses on the crime picture in America and the three traditional ele- ments of the criminal justice system: police, courts, and corrections. Real-life stories, career information, up-to-date examples and issues, engaging graphics, and interactive media all contribute to this timely and user-friendly introduction to criminal justice. Key features include:
Freedom or Safety? You Decide boxes in each chapter highlight the book’s ever- evolving theme of individual rights versus public order, a hallmark feature of this text since the first edition. In each chapter of the text, Freedom or Safety boxes build on this theme by illustrating some of the personal rights issues that challenge policymakers today. Each box includes critical-thinking questions that ask readers to ponder whether and how the criminal justice system balances individual rights and public safety.
Paying for It boxes, which are found in many chapters, emphasize the financial realities of today’s world—including the need of justice system components to deal with budget shortfalls and limits on available resources.
Evidence-based practices are introduced in early chapters and are stressed through- out the text, including in the book’s sections on policing, the courts, and corrections.
CJ News boxes in each chapter present case stories from the media to bring a true-to- life dimension to the study of criminal justice and allow insight into the everyday work- ings of the justice system.
CJ Issues boxes that provide the information students need to participate in a discus- sion of critical issues facing the justice system, such as excessive use of force by the police, the use of mass imprisonment as a tool of social engineering, and coming changes in the juvenile justice process.
xv
xvi Preface
CJ Careers boxes outline the characteristics of a variety of criminal justice careers in a Q&A format, to introduce today’s pragmatic students to an assortment of potential career options and assist them in making appropriate career choices.
Multiculturalism and Diversity boxes present aspects of criminal justice that are related to the diverse nature of American society and emphasize the need for justice- system personnel capable of working with culturally diverse groups.
Ethics and Professionalism boxes present ethical codes that criminal justice practi- tioners are asked to uphold, highlighting the vital role of moral and ethical standards and behavior in their daily lives and to the high social expectations inherent in justice–re- lated careers. Included are the ethical codes of the American Correctional Association, the American Probation and Parole Association, the International Association of Chiefs of Police, the American Bar Association, and the American Jail Association.
Graphics such as full-color diagrams, illustrations, timelines, and photographs rein- force key concepts for easier understanding and make the chapter topics both under- standable and interesting. In recognition of the visual orientation of today’s learners, we have worked to achieve a comprehensive integration of graphic art with the concepts and ideas of criminal justice. Consequently, the layout and design of the text are highly visual, inviting readers to explore its pages while powerfully illustrating the critical con- cepts that are central to the field of criminal justice.
As the author of numerous books on criminal justice, I have often been amazed at how the end result of the justice process is sometimes barely recognizable as “justice” in any practical sense of the word. It is my sincere hope that the technological and publishing revolutions that have contributed to the creation and development of this book will combine with a growing social awareness to facilitate needed changes in our system and will help replace self-serving, system-perpetuated injustices with new standards of equity, compas- sion, understanding, fairness, and heartfelt justice for all. If you use this book, I’d like to hear from you. Please write to me at the e-mail address below.
Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor Emeritus
The University of North Carolina at Pembroke [email protected]
New to the Twelfth Edition Chapter 1 What Is Criminal Justice? • A new story about the crisis in the justice system engendered by multiple police
shootings of unarmed black men in 2014–2015 now opens the chapter.
• “Procedural fairness” has been added as a new key term.
• The discussion about white-collar and corporate crime has been updated with coverage of Volkswagen’s emissions scandal.
• The new concept of a “sentinel event” that can uncover critical issues in the justice system is now discussed.
Chapter 2 the Crime Picture • The chapter opening story, which features a sheriff’s department that had to meet the
demands of ransom ware hackers, has been changed and updated.
• The table comparing the traditional UCR with the Enhanced UCR/NIBRS Reporting System has been expanded.
• Crime statistics throughout the chapter have been updated.
• The chapter now incorporates the new UC
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