Identify the specific topic you will explore? this means you need to pick a specific population and issue in regards to the gene
· Identify the specific topic you will explore— this means you need to pick a specific population and issue in regards to the general topic you chose:
· Explain the significance of the issue; why is this issue a problem? Consider the impacts this issue may have on the community, the healthcare system, the economy, and so on.
· State the goal for the intervention/response to the particular issues chosen (e.g., to prevent, to reduce impact, to manage long-term issues).
· Using APA format, locate and cite at least two scholarly resources on the topic.
Public Health Category
Environmental Health http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/
Topic: CDC Climate and Health Program
Climate and Health Program
[Student Name]
University
Course
DIRECTIONS: Anything in [ ] is for you to fill in with information related to your chosen issue/problem. Remove the brackets after filling in the information.
1
Background (Milestone One)
[Issue/Problem statement: Include highlights of the issues, problems, and challenges on your topic here and detail more fully below in the notes]
[Explanation of significance, background information]
NOTES: put scholarly resources on References slide
[This section is for speaker notes. The text on the slide should be minimal. Good presentations use the slides as supplemental to the presentation; rather than having the audience read from the slide the presenter should speak most of what they want to convey. Be sure to elaborate on your bullet points in the slide within the speaker notes section of each slide–see rubric for details.]
2
Background (Milestone One)
[Identify population and the impact on community health, economics, environment, etc.]
[List out goals–what intervention(s) hopes to accomplish]
NOTES: put scholarly resources on References slide
[This section is for speaker notes. The text on the slide should be minimal. Good presentations use the slides as supplemental to the presentation, rather than having the audience read from the slide the presenter should speak most of what they want to convey. Be sure to elaborate on your bullet points in the slide within the speaker notes section of each slide – see rubric for details.]
3
References
Use APA style
4
,
Pandemics
Influenza
500 million infected worldwide in 1918
Polio
Vaccine introduced in 1955; eradication initiative launched in 1988
34 million living with HIV worldwide; 20% decline in new infections since 2001
HIV
1
SAY:
Next, we will explore pandemics. Pandemics are epidemics or outbreaks of disease that spread far and wide, affecting the populations of multiple continents.
Influenza, or the flu, has caused pandemics many times during both the distant past and recent history. Almost a century ago, the Spanish flu infected 500 million people across the world, including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic, killing 20 to 50 million persons. More recently, the influenza pandemic in 2009 infected persons in 214 countries, causing almost 19,000 confirmed deaths. Preparing for and controlling the effects of influenza will likely remain top priorities for public health.
Historically, polio was a common and highly feared disease that caused severe illness, including paralysis, and death among thousands of people each year. Thousands of people lined up to receive the polio vaccine after it was introduced in 1955. An initiative to eradicate polio was launched in 1988 because of outbreaks in more than 125 countries. Today, polio exists in only a few countries.
During the 1980s, human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, emerged and spread rapidly across the globe. Public health has responded to this pandemic by developing new ways to diagnose and treat those who are infected. New infections of HIV are down 20% over the past 10 years, which is a sign that public health interventions are successful.
1
Public Health Core Sciences
2
SAY:
To implement the public health approach, practitioners use and apply scientific methods. These methods come from a series of core sciences that provide the foundation.
These sciences include Public Health Surveillance, which we use to monitor a public health situation.
Epidemiology enables us to determine where diseases originate, how or why they move through populations, and how we can prevent them.
Public Health Laboratories support public health by performing tests to confirm disease diagnoses. Laboratories also support public health by conducting research and training.
As we continue to move from the use of paper documents to electronic health records, Public Health Informatics continues to increase in importance. Informatics deals with the methods for collecting, compiling, and presenting health information. It enables us to use electronic data effectively when addressing a public health situation.
Prevention Effectiveness is closely linked to public health policy. Prevention effectiveness studies provide important economic information for decision makers to help them choose the best option available.
Together, these five core sciences can help us protect and promote the public’s health by giving public health practitioners the answers they need. Public health is better able to respond to the situation by using contributions from each of these sciences. One science alone cannot answer the questions and provide a solution; it is the application of these core sciences together.
<OPTIONAL, IF YOU HAVE TIME, SAY>
For example, let’s look at the public health problem of influenza. Public health surveillance can monitor when and where cases of influenza occur each year. Professionals can use the science of epidemiology to understand why different populations choose to get vaccinated against influenza. They can use the science of informatics to receive and analyze electronic information from health care institutions (e.g., doctors’ offices and hospitals) to determine whether persons who get influenza go to see a doctor and whether they get well or die. Public health practitioners can use laboratory science to determine whether persons with fever and cough have influenza or a different infection, and they can use prevention effectiveness to show that influenza vaccination campaigns that might cost $200,000 can prevent $1 million in medical costs, lost wages, and other costs.
2
Cholera — A Public Health Approach
Cholera, a fatal intestinal disease, was rampant during the early 1800s in London, causing death to tens of thousands of people in the area. Cholera was commonly thought to be caused by bad air from rotting organic matter.
Photo: TJ Kirn, MJ Lafferty, CMP Sandoe, and R Taylor, Dartmouth Medical School
3
SAY:
Let’s look at how the public health approach can be applied to a historical example of an infectious disease.
During the early 1800s in London, cholera, a fatal intestinal disease, was rampant, causing death to tens of thousands of people within hours of the first symptoms. At the time — which was before bacteria and viruses were recognized as the cause for many diseases — popular opinion held that cholera was caused by bad air coming from rotting organic matter.
3
What Determines the Health of a Population?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Social determinants of health. http://www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/FAQ.html.
Genes and Biology
Health Behaviors
Medical Care
Social/Societal
Characteristics;
Total Ecology
4
SAY:
This chart is an estimate of how these four major determinants influence health at the population level.
Notice the portion of the chart that represents medical care. We spend trillions of dollars on health care, yet it only determines about 25% of our health. The remaining 75% of what determines our health as a population is our total environment or ecology, including the social environment in which we live, plus our health behaviors and to a lesser extent, our genes and biology.
An example of the role these determinants play in our daily lives is through nutrition and physical activity. Both are essential elements in producing optimal health and should be viewed in the context of such environmental factors as
social and cultural norms that influence food choices and physical activity,
environmental characteristics, such as availability (lack of healthy food, open space for exercise, or safety in urban neighborhoods), and
sector influences, such as the marketing of processed food.
All of these factors influence our individual choices, which in turn, influence our overall health.
4
American Public Health Association (APHA). The Prevention and public health fund: A critical investment in our nation’s physical and fiscal health. APHA Center for Health Policy Issue Brief. Washington, DC: APHA; 2012. http://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/8FA13774-AA47-43F2-838B-1B0757D111C6/0/APHA_PrevFundBrief_June2012.pdf.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Key facts about seasonal flu vaccine. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/keyfacts.htm.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Social determinants of health. http://www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/FAQ.html.
Dean H. Introduction to public health, epidemiology, and surveillance. Presented at the CDC Science Ambassador Program, July 16, 2012.
Institute of Medicine. For the public’s health: Investing in a healthier future. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2012.
Resources
5
SAY:
The information from the slides is based on these resources.
5
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