Data Report 2 A client has asked you to prepare a report documenting changes in inequality in the United States since the 1970s.
Data Report 2
A client has asked you to prepare a report documenting changes in inequality in the United
States since the 1970s. Your report should present data covering multiple variables that
demonstrate different ways to view the broad concept of inequality. It should also provide a
brief analysis of the patterns you observe. Your job is not to hypothesize causes of changes in
inequality, but rather to discuss the facts. Some ideas you may want to consider when
preparing the report:
1. How similar/different varying measures of inequality look over time
2. The difference between wealth inequality and income inequality
3. Before tax vs after tax measurements
4. Comparison of the US to other countries
5. Inequality between different genders, ethnicities, education levels, etc.
You do not need to answer all of the questions above and you are welcome to look at different
issues that you find interesting. Assume that the client is familiar with basic economic concepts
but is not an economist. This means part of your description should be focused on defining the
variables you chose and discussing precisely what they measure. When possible, discuss the
relevant tradeoffs between different measures (i.e. are there any shortcomings of the
measures?) and why you chose the ones that you did. Do your best to convey why the data
you are showing is important.
Requirements
1. Your report needs to look nice. Graphs should be easy to read, consistently themed, and
formatted cleanly. Text should be presented neatly and it should be clear to which graph
the text refers. Have some fun with it! Creativity is encouraged!
2. Your report must include at least 6 data series and at least 4 separate graphs (in other
words, you can put more than one series on a graph if it makes sense – for example income
shares for different groups). Do not take graphs from other sources. Always download the
data and create the graph yourself.
3. Part of your job is finding data sources. It should be pretty easy to find data (a google
search of “inequality downloadable data” brings up many options)
4. There is no formal requirement for length, but you do not need more than a few sentences
describing each graph (and a few on the comparison across graphs when that makes
sense to do). Bullets with incomplete sentences are ok if you prefer that format. The
important part is to make the reader understand precisely what is going on in each piece of
your data.
EXAMPLE1.pdf
Data Report #1
A History of the American Economy
Tiffany Diep
Professor Surro
ECON 165
4 February 2022
Introduction
This data report aims to provide statistical and economic insight towards the historical
development of the United States from 1870 to 2017.
● The country has seen immense growth since its establishment in the late 18th century, transforming from a series of British colonies into one of the most powerful independent
economies in the world.
● The American government and people have experienced periods of regulation, revolution, democratization, capitalism, industrialization, wars, recessions, and booms in
order to form itself into the global business powerhouse that it is today.
● To summarize it concisely, the years between 1870 and 2017 have been split into six distinct time periods that will allow for a closer look at key events in American history and
their effects on the data.
Multiple variables will be used to analyze these economic trends, including Real GDP per capita,
Consumer Prices, Government Expenditure, Government Revenue, Short-term Interest Rates, and
House Prices.
Source: Òscar Jordà, Moritz Schularick, and Alan M. Taylor. 2017. “Macrofinancial History and the
New Business Cycle Facts.” in NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2016, volume 31, edited by Martin
Eichenbaum and Jonathan A. Parker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1
1870-1914: Railroads, Steel, Electricity, and Banking
The graph below depicts Real GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity rates (PPP). This
means that the yearly gross domestic product from the United States is converted into
international dollars and divided by the total population in the country. This variable is able to
measure the value of economic production per each individual American citizen.
An increase in Real GDP per capita can be explained by a strengthening economy that has higher
spending and aggregate demand for all goods/services, and a growing workforce which is able
to meet this demand by producing more. This trend can be seen consistently between 1870 and
1914, resulting in a net increase of Real GDP per capita by 2354 units.
A decrease in this variable can be alternatively caused by a reduction in aggregate demand that
leads to declines in revenue and employment. This can result from a lower level of productivity
and a growing population that reduces the amount of economic value attributed to each citizen
when calculating Real GDP per capita. Instances of these downturns can be seen in the graph
most notably in 1894, 1908, and 1914.
Overall, Real GDP per capita increased from 2445 to 4799 over the course of 44 years due to the
focus on improving industry and infrastructure during this period of time.
2
1914-1929: World War I and the Roaring Twenties
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) determines the weighted average of the price for a “basket of
goods.” This basket consists of basic consumer goods and services that can include food,
clothing, shelter, healthcare, education, transportation, and recreation. The change in prices can
be useful in measuring the cost of living over time.
CPI increases when the price of each good in the basket increases. The cost of these products
often rise due to inflation, and this is the case when looking at the trend between 1914 and 1920
where consumer prices doubled from 8 to 16 after World War I.
Similarly, the variable decreases whenever prices decrease from deflation. Additionally,
consumers may choose to find substitutes for their purchases in response to price changes, and
this can also lower the CPI because it alters the weight of each good in the basket. The chart
above shows a decrease from the spike in 1920 and prices begin to correct a year later, staying
constant at 14 throughout the rest of the Roaring Twenties.
This trend of inflation and deflation affecting the CPI is commonly seen during periods of war. The
inflation is caused by a shortage of resources or pent-up demand during the wartime effort, and
deflation begins to kick in after the government removes their control on the economy following
the aftermath.
3
1929-1945: The Great Depression and World War II
Government Expenditure includes the purchase of goods and services by federal, state, and local
governments for public consumption or investment. Government spending is funded mainly by
tax collection and income from public sectors like railroads.
An increase or decrease in Government Expenditure first takes into consideration the size of the
current budget deficit and the amount of national debt withstanding. If there is a large deficit and
a lot of debt, the government may be less likely to spend. However, spending can have the
potential to efficiently stimulate the economy in a way that leads to a boost in growth and GDP.
In the graph above, Government Expenditure during The Great Depression from 1929 to 1933
remained quite low. During World War II, there was a huge increase in government spending that
jumped from $9 billion in 1939 to $93 billion in 1945, making it the most expensive war in
American history. A majority of this spending went towards reforming factories and mass
producing resources and equipment for the wartime effort. As a result, many more jobs were
created and the unemployment rate declined significantly, marking this time as the beginning of
an economic boom.
4
1945-1973: Post-World War II Prosperity
Government Revenue is mainly collected through tariffs, consumption tax, and income tax. This
revenue is typically used to finance goods and services for American citizens and businesses.
The government’s main method of generating more revenue is by increasing tax rates or
reducing the amount of tax breaks. The trend in the graph shown above demonstrates consistent
upward movement, increasing from $45 billion in 1945 to $231 billion 1973. This can be explained
by the high tax rates after World War II that reached a high of 94% in certain years. During a time
of economic boom and prosperity, tax revenues often increase.
5
1973-2000: Inflation and Globalization
The Short-term Interest Rate is essentially the cost of borrowing money, and it is determined
through the market factors of supply and demand for monetary funds. Based on three-month
money market rates, it includes the average of daily rates shown as a percentage per year.
A number of factors can affect the determination of interest rates, including fiscal policy,
monetary policy, and inflation. Expansionary fiscal policy and contractionary monetary policy can
increase interest rates, while contractionary fiscal policy and expansionary monetary policy can
decrease interest rates. Higher interest rates are often helpful in reducing the amount of inflation
in the economy.
In the line chart above, the Short-term Interest Rate reached an extreme high of 16% in 1981,
compared to 9% at the beginning of the time period in 1973 and an even lower 6% at the end of
the time period in 2000. This may be due to the recessions and the resulting high levels of
inflation during the early 1980s. Strict government policies were most likely implemented in an
attempt to raise interest rates and bring inflation back down to a normal level.
6
2000-2017: The Housing Crisis and Aftermath
The House Price Index (HPI) aims to measure the change in price of single-family homes in the
United States. The prices are measured as a percentage change from the base year, which is
1990 in this case, and so the HPI at that time would be 100.
House prices function similarly to other goods and services in the free market, so when demand
goes up and supply goes down, houses get more expensive. Alternatively, when demand
decreases and supply increases, houses become more affordable.
In the case of the 2008 housing crisis, the HPI reached an additional 75% increase in house
prices after the initial 42% change in 2000. As demand remained high and the housing supply
stayed relatively stagnant in recent years, the house prices continued to steadily increase. In
2017, the HPI grew to its highest at 255, resulting in a net increase in house prices of 113%
compared to the beginning of the time period and it may be expected to continue growing.
7
Conclusion
Between the years of 1870 and 2017, the United States has gone through periods of both growth
and struggle. It is clear to see how the history of politics and economics are extremely intertwined
in a way that one thing affects the other.
● By looking at key events during the six time periods including the development of American capitalism, both World Wars, the Roaring Twenties, the Great Depression, and
the Housing Crisis of 2008, it is useful to associate these turning points in U.S. history
with relevant variables that can help explain why the economy responded the way that it
did.
The analysis of Real GDP per capita, Consumer Prices, Government Expenditure, Government
Revenue, Short-term Interest Rates, and House Prices throughout the data report help to
describe the functions of different economic measurements and how they can be used to provide
more background for historical trends in the U.S.
8
EXAMPLE2.pdf
Econ 165 Data Report 1
Table of Contents ◉ Introduction
◉ Period 1: 1870-1920
◉ Period 2: 1920-1970
◉ Period 3: 1970-2017
◉ Conclusion
Introduction
Introduction This report has been put together in order to provide a clear and concise overview of the history of the U.S. Economy. A total of 12 variables have been pulled from a data source, categorized, transformed, and separated into three time periods of approximately 50 years each. The variables have been organized under five of the most indicative categories of the U.S. economy: Nation, Government, Consumption, Banks, and Housing. There is also a short section dedicated to Financial Crises, which is only included to add to the picture of the U.S. economy. By organizing the raw data into these five categories, it is hoped that an understanding of the history of the U.S. economy will be more accessible.
It is important to note that many of the variables have been converted from nominal values into real values by dividing the original nominal data by the CPI, which has a baseline year of 1990. In addition, there are several instances in which variables were computed as a percentage of GDP by dividing the original nominal data by the nominal GDP.
Variables: Current Account, Imports, Exports, Government Revenue, Government Expenditure, Government Revenue & Expenditure as a Percent of GDP, Consumption Per Capita, GDP Per Capita, Consumption Per Capita as a Percent of GDP Per Capita, Bank Capital Ratio, Loan to Deposit Ratio, Home Prices, Mortgage Loans to Non-Financial Private Sector, and Financial Crises.
Time Periods: 1870-1920, 1920-1970, 1970-2017.
All variables will be graphed over time, and some will be graphed together in order to provide a holistic picture of a certain economic sector.
Period 1: 1870-1920
Nation
Current Account: There is no movement in the U.S. current account until right before 1915, when there is a sharp increase from $0 to about $0.35 billion. From 1915-1920 the current account is unsteady and seems to be declining at the end of this 50 year period. It is interesting to note that although there is movement in imports and exports (which are included in a country’s current account) before 1915, the current account itself remains at $0.
Imports: After some instability from 1870-1880, imports remain steady around $0.125 billion until 1905. After that, imports increase from $0.125 billion in 1905 to $0.3 billion in 1920. This is almost a 150% increase in only 15 years.
Exports: After an increase between 1870-1875, exports remain stagnant around $0.125 billion until 1900. After 1900, instability returns. Overall, exports increase substantially in the last 20 years of this period, starting at $0.125 billion in 1900 and ending at $0.5 billion in 1920. This is a 300% increase.
Government
Government Revenue: There is no movement in government revenues until the 5 years between 1895-1900. At this point, revenues increase from $0 to $0.15 billion and remain like this until the 5 years between 1915-1920. At this point, revenues increase quite substantially and at the end of this 50 year period, they are almost at $0.5 billion. Government Expenditure: Similarly to government revenue, expenditure does not move from $0 until the 5 years between 1895-1900. At this point, expenditures increase from $0 to $0.15 billion. After a dip back to $0 in 1902, expenditure begins increasing significantly from 1915-1920. During the last 5 years of this time period, expenditures increase by 200%. Government Revenue and Expenditure as a Percent of GDP: Both variables have very similar movement to government revenues and expenditures. It is only important to note that the most movement occurs from 1915-1920. Expenditures make up almost 23% of GDP in 1920, while revenues make up almost 8% of GDP.
Consumption
Consumption Per Capita: Despite some instability in consumption per capita during the first 50 years, there is an overall increase. In 1870, consumption per capita is at an index level of 8, indicating that it is 92% lower than the 2006 base year. This is reasonable given the large time difference. In 1920, consumption per capita is at an index level of 16, indicating that it is 84% lower than the 2006 base year. GDP Per Capita: GDP PC mirrors consumption PC pretty similarly for the first 50 years, with GDP PC consistently remaining below consumption PC. There is a steady increase in both variables from 1870-1920, with a slight decrease towards 1920. Consumption Per Capita as Percent of GDP Per Capita: Consumption PC remains, on average, unchanged. In this first 50 year period it makes up about 130% of GDP PC.
Banks
Bank Capital Ratio: The capital ratio of banks starts at about 32% in 1870. This is a high ratio and indicates that U.S. banks were at a position to handle losses well. By the 1920s, however, the ratio is right under 10%. This 20% decrease signals that U.S. banks were potentially taking on more risk and would not be positioned to handle any downturns as well as they would have been at the start of this period.
Bank Loan to Deposit Ratio: The loan to deposit ratio starts at 120%, indicating that for every bank deposit there were 1.2 bank loans. This is not great because it means that banks are loaning away more money than they actually have, stripping them of liquidity. Almost immediately, the ratio drops down to below 100%. By 1920, this ratio decreased to about 85%. This could mean that there were more bank deposits or less bank loans at the end of this period. Either way, the drop in percent is a good sign because it indicates higher bank liquidity.
Housing
Home Prices: There is no data available on home prices until 1890. The index level on home prices remains constant at about 0.42 until a sharp increase occurs in 1900. After this, the home price index is inconsistent, with sharp increases and decreases. In 1920, home prices are indexed at 0.44, which is only .02 higher than in 1890. There is very little growth in home prices during these 30 years.
Mortgage Loans to Non-Financial Private Sector: There is no data available for this variable until 1880. Overall, there seems to be a step pattern in this graph, as loans sharply increase and then remain stagnant for a few years repeatedly. From 1880-1890, mortgage loans were at about $0.125 billion. By the end of this period, mortgage loans were worth $0.5 billion. This is a 300% increase in mortgage loans to the non-financial private sector (which includes households) in the span of 40 years. Although there were some points of decrease, overall the mortgage loan market grew dramatically during this period. This can indicate a few things: more people were buying property, more people could not afford property, or banks were more lenient with lending.
Financial Crises
During the 50 year time period from 1870-1920, there were three financial crises. They occured in 1873, 1893, and 1907.
Period 2: 1920-1970
Nation
Current Account: Although the U.S. current account still averages at around $0-0.1 billion, there is more volatility during these middle 50 years. This makes sense because the economy is growing and progressing as time moves forward. Between 1945-1950 (post WWII), there is a sharp increase to $0.5 billion followed by a drop back down to $0. It remains interesting to note that although there is clear growth in imports and exports (which are included in a country’s current account), the current account itself grows very little. Imports: There is a clear upwards trend in imports during this period. Imports start at $0.3125 in 1920, and grow to over $1.8 billion by 1970. This increase of almost $1.5 billion indicates a growth in globalization and trade. Exports: Similarly to imports, there is a clear growth in exports. Exports start at $0.5 billion in 1920, and grow to over $1.9 billion by 1970. Again, this increase of approximately $1.4 billion not only indicates a growth in globalization, but it also indicates that the U.S. is keeping up with the expansion of the global economy. The sharpest growth in exports occurs from 1940-1945, the years of World War II, which indicates that the U.S. was exporting many war-related goods.
Government
Government Revenue: Although government revenues slightly increase from 1920-1940, the largest jump occurs between 1940-1945. In fact, revenues grow by over 370% during these five years. This growth in revenue can mostly be attributed to World War II and European expenditure on American war goods. After 1945, revenues suffered a slight decrease of 30%, followed by consistent growth of about $1 billion every five years. This is a sign of a progressing and strengthening economy. Government Expenditure: Expenditures follow a similar path as revenues during this middle 50 year period, only on a slightly larger scale. Again, the predominant growth of expenditures occurs from 1940-1945, presumably due to World War II. Expenditures grew by over 650% during the years of the war. After 1945, expenditure dropped by over 60%, followed by consistent growth. Government Revenue and Expenditure as a Percent of GDP: Both variables have very similar movement to government revenues and expenditures. Both revenues and expenditures make up a much higher percentage of GDP during the years of World War II. Although these percentages decrease post-war, they are still over 10% greater than pre-war.
Consumption
Consumption Per Capita: Unlike the previous period, consumption PC follows a steady path of increase from 1920-1970. There is no notable growth during the years of World War II. The only important thing to note is that consumption PC grew from an index level of 16 to an index level of 44. GDP Per Capita: GDP PC also follows a steady path of growth during this period. There is a notable increase in GDP PC from 1940-1945, the years of World War II. GDP PC grows from an index level of 21 to an index level of 34, and continues to grow postwar despite a slight dip. Consumption Per Capita as Percent of GDP Per Capita: Interestingly, consumption PC makes up less of GDP PC at the end of this period than it did at the end of the last period. During the years of World War II, consumption PC drops from 100% to about 67%. This drop may potentially be due to war-related factors making up a higher percentage of GDP PC.
Banks
Bank Capital Ratio: The capital ratio of banks starts at almost 8% in 1920. This ratio progressively decreases during this period, albeit on a small scale. The most noticeable dip occurs from 1940-1945. By 1970, the bank capital ratio is at just over 5%. This is quite low compared to the preceding 50 years, and may indicate that banks lost liquidity.
Bank Loan to Deposit Ratio: The loan to deposit ratio starts at about 85%, indicating that for every bank deposit there were 0.85 bank loans. This ratio drops significantly (almost 80%) from 1930-1945, which may be related to the Great Depression and World War II. The extremely low loan to deposit ratio by 1945 indicates that banks were much more liquid. After 1945, the ratio consistently increases, until it reaches 60% in 1970. Overall, the loan to deposit ratio was cut in half from 1870-1970.
Housing
Home Prices: The index level on home prices remains stable at about 0.6 until a sharp increase occurs postwar. This increase boosts home price index levels to about 0.9, which is extremely close to 1990 base year prices. It is interesting to note the dip in home prices during the early years of World War II and their quick recovery in the late years of World War II and postwar. Mortgage Loans to Non-Financial Private Sector: Mortgage loans experience a dramatic total increase during this 50 year time period. Post World War II, mortgage loans significantly increase and continue to do so until 1970. Mortgage loans grow from $0.5 billion to over $9 billion from 1920-1970, which is a 1,700% increase. This is huge and can partially be attributed to the increase in home prices that occurred postwar. There may also be a connection between Loan to Deposit ratios dropping in other loan categories (as discussed in the previous slide), allowing banks to allocate more money to mortgage loans.
Financial Crises
During the 50 year time period from 1920-1970, there was one financial crisis. This crisis occurred in 1930.
Period 3: 1970-2017
Nation
Current Account: There is a slight decrease in the U.S. current account from 1970-2017. Although the U.S. current account still averages at around $0 until 1992, it begins to drop below $0 after that. In 2017, the current account actually hovers around -$2.4 billion. It remains interesting to note that although there is clear growth in imports and exports (which are included in a country’s current account), the current actually decreases. Imports: There is a clear upwards trend in imports during this period. Imports start at $1.8 in 1970, and grow to over $16 billion by 2017. This increase of almost 790% indicates a very large growth in globalization and trade. Exports: Similarly to imports, there is a clear growth in exports. Exports start at $1.9 billion in 1970, and grow to almost $13 billion by 2017. Again, this increase of approximately 585% not only indicates a growth in globalization, but it also indicates that the U.S. is keeping up with the expansion of the global economy.
Government
Government Revenue: Government revenues have their highest and most consistent increase during this 50 year period. Besides for a large decrease which occurs in 2008, most likely due to the Great Recession, revenues are trending upwards. In 1970, revenues are at $6.2 billion and by 2017, they grow to $18.2 billion. Government Expenditure: Expenditures follow a similar path as revenues during this 50 year period, only on a slightly larger scale. Again, the growth is very consistent, despite the Great Recession. In fact, government expenditures actually increase by almost 25% from 2007-2009. This makes sense because of the government’s deficit spending during those few years. In 1970, revenues are at $6.3 billion and by 2017, they grow to $21.8 billion. Government Revenue and Expenditure as a Percent of GDP: Both variables almost follow an opposite path during this period. Similarly to what was stated above, although revenues make up less of GDP during the Great Recession, expenditures make up more of it.
Consumption
Consumption Per Capita: Consumption PC continues to follow a steady path of increase during this period. There is a very small dip in consumption PC during the Great Recession, but it is barely noticeable. It is important to note that consumption PC grew from an index level of 44 in 1970 to 111 in 2017, which is a growth of over 150%. This also means that by 2017, consumption PC was 11% than the base year of 2006. GDP Per Capita: GDP PC also continues to follow a steady path of growth during this period. It’s growth mimics consumption PC almost exactly, especially during the Great Recession. GDP PC grows from an index level of 49 to an index level of 110, which is a growth of almost 125%. This also means that by 2017, GDP PC was 10% than the base year of 2005. Consumption Per Capita as Percent of GDP Per Capita: Consumption PC continuously makes up more and more of GDP PC during this period. By 2017, consumption PC essentially makes up 100% of GDP PC.
Banks
Bank Capital Ratio: The capital ratio of banks starts at 5.27% in 1970. This ratio progressively increases during this period, albeit on small scale. By 2017, the bank capital ratio is at just over 9%. This is higher than the end of the preceding 50 years, and may indicate that banks gained liquidity.
Bank Loan to Deposit Ratio: The loan to deposit ratio starts at about 60%, indicating that for every bank deposit there were 0.6 bank loans. This ratio decreases significantly (almost 17%) from 2007-2010, and continues to decrease until 2013. It makes sense that this ratio would drop during the years of the Great Recession because of the housing market crash. It is also interesting to point out the increase in the loan to deposit ratio in the years preceding the Great Recession, otherwise known as the Housing Bubble. In 2017, the ratio is just over 71%. Overall, the loan to deposit ratio grew by about 18% from 1970-2017.
Housing
Home Prices: The index level on home prices remains stable until 2000, when it begins to increase quite dramatically. From 1995-2005, the home price index grows by 0.5. However, from 2006-2013, the price index decreases at the same rate that it increased. Again, this increase and decrease is most likely due to the housing bubble followed by the Great Recession. Overall, the home price index grows from 0.9 to 1.4 during this time period. Mortgage Loans to Non-Financial Private Sector: Mortgage loans experience a large increase during this 50 year time period. Despite a slight decrease during the Great Recession years, mortgage loans grow by 355% from 1970-2017. Although this growth is much smaller than the preceding 50 years, it is still large.
Financial Crises
During the 47 year time period from 1970-2017, there were two financial crises. They occured in 1984 and 2007.
Conclusion
Conclusion There has been a lot of information to cover in ensuring that a cohesive picture of U.S. economic history is presented. Although all five sectors have had continuous overall growth during the 147 years discussed, it is needless to say that the country suffered numerous periods of downturn. Most of these occurred during the same years as the financial crises, such as the Great Recession. Periods of growth can also be clearly attributed to historical events, such as World War II. Overall, it can be seen that in every sector, the U.S. economy pushes through struggles and crises in order to pursue continuous growth.
The first time period of 1870-1920 can be characterized by little to no growth, followed by sudden volatility. Although some variables experienced a lot of upturns and downturns in the last 20 years of this time period, because of the lack of movement in the first 30 years, it can still be interpreted as growth for the U.S. economy. Given the fact that the U.S. was still a young country in the 1800s, it is not surprising that there was not much movement in many variables, most notably government revenues and expenditures, until the 1900s.
The second time period of 1920-1970 can be characterized by consistent growth, despite high volatility. The Great Depression seemed to have the largest effect on Banks’ Loan to Deposit Ratio. However, despite this financial crisis, the U.S. economy increased greatly during these 50 years. Some of this can be attributed to World War II, which spurred a lot of international trade and purchases, as can be seen by the increase in exports from 1940-1945. Overall, the U.S. seems to be heading towards a bright economic future at the end of these 50 years.
The third time period of 1970-2017 can be characterized by a continuation of growth, albeit at a less dramatic rate. Although almost all variables more or less increase during these 50 years, the percentage of growth is smaller than the preceding 50 years. There are some clear downturns in home prices, government revenues, and loan to deposit ratios during the years of the Great Recession, which makes sense. In addition, it is interesting to see the sharp increase in government expenditure during the Great Recession. Overall, these last 50 years indicate steady economic growth.
It is promising to see that despite numerous financial crises, recessions, depressions, and wars, the U.S. economy has the ability to push through them. These 147 years included a lot of challenging times for the U.S., but the strength and growth of the U.S. economy is undeniable.
EXAMPLE3.pdf
Econ 165: Data Report 1
Robert …
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