As you see in Chapter 4,?falls are a major concern with respect to the well-being of older adults. Consider a situation in

“Those who think they have no time for bodily exercise will sooner or later have to find time for illness.”

Edward Stanley 1826-1893

AGEFEED 1. Total number of cosmetic procedure: 4.2 million 2. Number of invasive cosmetic surgeries: 400,000 3. Number of facelifts or eyelifts: 180,000 4. Number of Botox ® treatments: 1.7 million; average cost:

$397 5. Number of filler injections: 927,000; average cost: $669 6. Percent of all procedures by 55+ adults: 23% 7. Average cost of facelift: $7655 8. Increase in yearly number of procedures: 50,000 9. Reasons for plastic surgery: Re-entering the dating scene. 10. Newest trend in plastic surgery: The “Daddy-do-over”

#top10facts

Plastic surgery is big business for U.S. adults 55 and older. Check out these 2018 facts!

Appearance

“Exposome” of aging and the skin

Photoaging: Effect on the Skin

Changes in the hands reflect alterations in the skin as well as nails.

BODY BUILD

BMI and body type

Aerobic • 150 minutes of moderate activity per week • No less than 10 minutes for each session

Resistance • Each major muscle group 2-3 days per week • 2-4 sets of each exercise • Previously sedentary should start with light

intensity

Summary of exercise recommendations from AHA-ACSM

Mobility

Diets to help minimizing bone loss include:

• Protein (e.g. eggs, quinoa, cottage cheese, tuna, oat)

• Calcium (e.g. almonds, kale, broccoli, cheese, tofu, sesame seed)

• Vitamin D (milk) • Magnesium (bananas) • Certain types of nuts (walnuts, Brazil nuts) • Potatoes • Carotenoids (carrots, squash, and apricots)

Effects of aging on the joints

Best exercises for reducing joint damage

Yoga

Pilates

Resistance training

Stretching

Proper workstation to avoid joint damage

VITAL BODILY FUNCTIONS

Wearable technology

• Gaining popularity among older adults

• Requires internal motivation • Enhanced use with social

support

Master athletes

• Maintain high physical functioning throughout life

• However, they are a self-selected group

"Age is not a barrier to fitness.” Dr. Charles Eugster

Dr. Charles Eugster

https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/16/sports/how-this-95-year-old-gymnast-stays-young-can-be- lesson-us-all/

Incontinence in women

Poorer health Decreased mobility

Current use of hormone

replacement therapy

Being overweight History of falls Heart disease

BODILY CONTROL SYSTEMS

The endocrine system includes a complex set of structures that produce hormones via feedback loops involving the body’s organs.

Circadian oscillation

Rhythm dampened and shifted with aging

Changes in circadian rhythms occur due to alterations in the hormone melatonin, released by the pineal gland. Note that these changes contribute to alterations in sleep cycles.

Estrogen replacement

therapy

• Initial studies showed support • 2002- warnings of increased risk

of blood clots and cancer • 2015- UK issued report

documenting risks and benefits • Locally applied estrogen can

offset dryness and pain associated with sexual activity

• Alternatives include exercise, quitting smoking, lowering cholesterol and having one alcoholic drink per day (preferably wine)

C E N T R A L N E R V O U S S Y S T E M

S L E E P

T E M P E R AT U R E C O N T R O L

Photograph showing gray matter and white matter in the brain

Age- related declines

Factors that

promote decline

Plasticity

Factors that

promote plasticity

Disuse Sedentary life style Poor diet Environmental toxins (including alcohol)

Mental engagement Physical exercise Diet

PASA- front-back compensation HAROLD- hemisphere compensation CRUNCH- general compensation

Factors that promote decline can be offset by those that can promote plasticity across the adult years.

White matter hyperintensities

• Related to the extent of brain atrophy and some measures of cognitive functioning

• Exact roles in normal aging and disease are as yet unclear.

Healthy sleep habits for older adults

Avoid sedentary lifestyle

Exercise early in the day

Don’t nap during the day

Avoid reading late at night on e-readers or mobile devices

Manage depression and anxiety

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

Presbyopia

Effects of presbyopia on vision

Normal vision The same scene as viewed by a person with cataract

13.30%

11.80%

13.00%

18.10%

17.10%

Other

Hispanic

Black

White

All

Prevalence Rates of Cataracts by Race (2010)

ARMD

• Affects about 8% of adults 40-85 years of age

• Fourth most common form of blindness worldwide

• Prevention through good eye health • Beta carotene • Glasses that protect from blue

and UV light

Age-related hearing loss

Metabolic presbycusis

Sensory presbycusis

Exposure to noise

Exposure to noise can accelerate age- related changes in hearing due to presbyopia

Communication strategies for

talking to older adults

carefullyEnunciate

as if person isn’t there or is a childDon’t talk

contextProvide

positive and patientRemain

voice pitch lowKeep

gum while talkingDon’t chew

background noiseMinimize

while speaking to personLook

Communication strategies for

talking to older adults

• Enunciate carefully • Don’t talk as if the person isn’t there or is a

child • Provide context • Remain positive and patient • Keep voice pitch low • Don’t chew gum while talking • Minimize background noise • Look while speaking to a person

Practical fall prevention strategies

• Exercise • Eyeglasses • Prosthetic aid • Shower chair or bath bench • Sit while grooming • Have sturdy stepstools if needed in kitchen • Keep the cell phone handy • Stability training

Exercises to reduce fall risk Functional training in control of core bodily muscles involved in posture and balance.

Smell Some form of dysfunction: 13%- 60-69 year 39%- 80+

Trouble detecting Smoke- 20% Natural gas- 31%

Poorest taste for: Sour Bitter

Most enjoyment of: Sweet Salty

Taste

Pain in older adults

Can increase risk of falling