Use the transcript on pg 2 to finish this assignment.? I would like to focus on the Psychosocial theory of Development. Eri
Use the transcript on pg 2 to finish this assignment.
I would like to focus on the Psychosocial theory of Development. Erikson
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© 2021 Walden University, LLC
Psychosocial Development Theory
Erikson’s psychosocial development theory expands on Freud’s five stages to include
eight. This theory focuses on social interaction and the associated crisis that arises at
each stage of development.
Stage 1: Trust v. Mistrust (Birth to 18 Months)
The central crisis at this stage is whether the child can trust the people around them
(e.g., caregivers and family members). If a child consistently receives food, warmth, and
affection, they develop a sense of trust not only in caregivers but in the larger world.
Stage 2: Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt (18 Months to 3 Years)
During this stage, the child learns to use the toilet, feed themselves, and choose the
clothes they wear. In so doing, they build their self-confidence and sense of autonomy.
If caregivers do not allow the child to do these activities independently or ridicule or
punish them during the process of learning, the child’s confidence can diminish and they
may experience shame and doubt.
Stage 3: Initiative v. Guilt (3 to 6 Years)
At this stage, the child is curious about the world and takes initiative to explore and
learn. This includes planning and engaging in activities, making choices, and initiating
imaginative play. If the child is not allowed to be assertive in this manner, then they may
experience guilt or embarrassment because of their desires.
Stage 4: Industry v. Inferiority (6 to 12 Years)
The crisis at this stage involves the ability of the child to be productive and to
successfully accomplish tasks. They develop confidence in their abilities as they enter
school and take on academic challenges. With formal schooling comes more
socialization with peers as well; they may compare themselves to others, leading to
feelings of superiority or inferiority.
Stage 5: Identity v. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
At this stage, adolescents seek a personal identity. They explore the various roles they
play in social interactions and peer relationships, as well as their race/ethnicity, religion,
culture, and gender affiliations. They then integrate those disparate roles into a clear
sense of who they are. Those who do not have this clear sense of self are said to
experience “role confusion,” which may contribute to feelings of aimlessness or lack of
purpose in life.
Stage 6: Intimacy v. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
Now that the individual has a personal identity, at this stage they seek intimacy in the
form of a loving and committed relationship. Those who are unsuccessful at attaining
intimacy feel loneliness and a sense of isolation.
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© 2021 Walden University, LLC
Stage 7: Generativity v. Stagnation (Mature Adulthood)
At this stage, people face a crisis of generativity. They are concerned with contributing
something meaningful to the following generations and making their mark. This may
take the form of raising their own children, strengthening relationships, and collaborating
with others on a common goal or project. If someone cannot make positive
contributions, they fall into stagnation and may feel unproductive or disconnected from
the world.
Stage 8: Ego Integrity v. Despair (Old Age)
Individuals at this stage evaluate their lives and consider whether they feel fulfilled and
proud of what they have accomplished. This sense of peace at life’s events is referred
to as “ego integrity.” On the other hand, those who have many regrets may fall into
despair at not having achieved the life they wanted to.
Read more on pages 321–323 of the course text, Understanding Human Behavior and
the Social Environment.
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Discussion: Theories of Human Development Across the Life Span
As a social worker, you will never have the privilege of seeing a client grow and evolve over the entire length of their life. Even if you do work with a client for a long time, you won’t witness their evolution firsthand; rather, the client will convey to you what they are experiencing. For the purposes of the HBSE I and II courses, though, you have gotten this front-row seat into someone else’s life. You have seen Ray navigate hardship in childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and now later adulthood. You have seen him find a sense of joy and meaning.
Through Ray’s case, you can refine your application of human development theories in the context of an aging client who has lived a full life. For this Discussion, you do just that, selecting a theory and examining how it illuminates Ray’s life.
To Prepare:
· Review the case of Ray, as presented in animated videos throughout this course and HBSE I. Consider the trajectory of Ray’s life, key life events, and his biological, psychological, social, and spiritual development. Select one area of his life on which to focus your post.
· Select a theory of human development throughout the life span to apply to Ray’s experience. This may be a theory described in this or other weeks’ Learning Resources, or you may select a theory based on personal research.
By Day 3
Post your application of a theory of human development to Ray’s life. How does the theory deepen your understanding of Ray’s experience? How might this application of theory assist you as a social worker engaging with Ray? Finally, what does Ray’s example tell you about the human spirit, resiliency, and the capacity to evolve?
Meet Ray: Age 69 to 87
Program Transcript
NARRATOR: Ray begins to watch more spiritual programming and reconnects with the Catholic faith. He joins the local church and encourages Yolanda to attend services as well. Ray volunteers at the church's thrift shop and at youth events, establishing friendships with several older men in the church. Engaging in these activities helps Ray's psychological functioning and his acceptance of later life.
In his 70s, Ray starts using a wheelchair for mobility. He also begins to forget things and even leaves the oven on overnight. Yolanda takes Ray to the Aging Center, which has sliding fee services for neurology. The neurologist determines that Ray has early- onset dementia that will get progressively worse. The diagnosis is a major blow to Ray, who understands what this will mean for the rest of his life. Ray becomes depressed again. More grandchildren are born, and when Ray is well, he invents silly games to play with them. During gatherings, Ray sits outside and watches the children, finding fulfillment and peace in the family he has created. As Ray enters his 80s, full dementia sets in. Ray also experiences sundown syndrome, in which he becomes agitated and paranoid every day in the late afternoon. He is cared for by Yolanda, Peter, and Amy, along with his grandchildren, who have complex emotions as they watch his deterioration. Ray has a peaceful passing at age 87, surrounded by his wife and children. At his bedside, Yolanda reminisces, saying, "He was the love of my life."
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