please see the attached question and writing rules ?? Using the Six Steps of Decision-Making framework from this weeks conte
please see the attached question and writing rules
Using the Six Steps of Decision-Making framework from this week’s content, please develop responding to the following questions related to the case study Student Advocacy and “Sweatshop” Labor: The Case of Russell Athletic (p. 109).
Recognize decision requirement:
What are the factors to consider in a corporation when deciding to outsource labor to developing countries? Include the following:
- Diagnosis and analysis of causes: If labor outsourcing to developing countries is a legitimate business strategy, how can it be handled without risk of running into a sweatshop scandal?
- Development of alternatives: What are other countries doing to avoid, reduce or eliminate sweatshops?
Selection of desired alternative: Decide on alternatives for outsourcing for companies in developed countries, including whether or not to maintain or implement the same high labor standards and regulations as in the home countries. - Implementation of alternatives: Which alternatives would be best for outsourcing for companies in the United States?
- Evaluation and feedback:
1- Have your recommendations been implemented in other countries?
2- Are they working?
3- What has been the outcome?
Required:
· Chapters 2 & 3 in International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior
· Chapter 2 PowerPoint slides Chapter 2 PowerPoint slides – Alternative Formats in International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior
· “In-Depth Integrative Case Study 1.1: Student Advocacy and “Sweatshop” Labor: The Case of Russell Athletic” (p. 109), in International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior.
· Lander, C. (2018). Foreign investment adaptations to the changing political and economic environments of the agro-food sector: A case study of Cargill Russia. Problems of Post-Communism, 65(3), 201-219.
· The Lancet. (2019). Dealing with drug pricing: not just one solution. Lancet (London, England), 392(10165), 2655.
Recommended:
Comanor, W., Schweitzer, S., Riddle, J. & Schoenberg, F. (2018). Value based pricing of pharmaceuticals in the US and UK: Does centralized cost effectivenes analysis matter? Review of Industrial Organization, 52(4), 589-602.
writing rules:
- 5 pages in length, which does not include the title page, abstract, or required reference page, which is never a part of the content minimum requirements.
- Use APA (7th ed) style guidelines.
- Support your submission with course material concepts, principles, and theories from the textbook and at least five scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles.
International Management
Culture, Strategy, and Behavior
Fred Luthans | Jonathan P. Doh
T E
N T
H E
D IT
IO N
44
O B
JE C
T IV
E S
O F
T H
E C
H A
PT E
R Chapter 2
THE POLITICAL, LEGAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
The World of International Management
Social Media and Political Change
T he struggle for government reform has traditionally been a long, painful process. In the past, uprisings in the Middle East were often violently and horrifically repressed by corrupt dictators. Governments censored and controlled news organizations, hiding the atrocities of war from the view of the global community. For example, the true scale of the 1982 Hama massacre, where at least 10,000 Syrian revolutionaries were killed by government forces, is still unclear. Over the last few years, however, the transparency of war and the resulting pace of change appear to be rapidly increasing. The ongoing conflict in Syria, which arose in the wake of the “Arab Spring” that spread across Egypt, Tunisia, and Libya in the early 2010s, has been particularly impacted by the use of social media. Journalism, communication, and transparency from within Syria have all been redefined by the use of social media by ordinary citizens. Unlike past conflicts, the Syrian civil war and resulting refugee crisis are unraveling in real time to a global audience in photos and videos through YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter.
Social Media as an Organizing Tool While previous uprisings lacked widespread communication tools, those engaged in the Syrian conflict are equipped with smartphones and social media. Syrian government loyalists, Syrian revolutionaries, and the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) have all utilized social media to quickly and efficiently organize their supporters. In the early years of the conflict, the pro-revolution Facebook group “The Syrian Revolution 2011” swelled to nearly half a million mem- bers, while the group supporting Syrian President Bashar al- Assad had nearly 3 million. ISIS has released propaganda videos on all forms of social media, and the terror group has maintained multiple Twitter accounts in an attempt to recruit internationally. Evidence suggests that revolutionaries in particular have mobilized successfully through social media. Inspired by videos
The broader political, legal, and technological environment faced by international managers is changing rapidly. Changes in this environment are more common and rapid, presenting challenges for managers seeking to respond and adapt to this environment. Although there are many dimensions of the external environment relevant to international management, economic considerations covered in the last chapter are among the most important, along with cultural issues covered in Part Two. However, the political, legal, regulatory, and tech- nological dimensions also bear on the international manager in highly significant ways. The objective of this chapter is to examine how the political, legal, regulatory, and technological environments have changed in recent years, and how these changes pose challenges and opportunities for international managers. In Chapter 10, we return to some of these themes, especially as they relate to political risk and managing the political environment. In this chapter, we outline some of the major trends in the political, legal, and technological environ- ment that will shape the world in which international managers will compete. The specific objectives of this chapter are
1. INTRODUCE the basic political systems that characterize regions and countries around the world and offer brief examples of each and their implications for international management.
2. PRESENT an overview of the legal and regulatory environ- ment in which MNCs operate worldwide, and highlight differ- ences in approach to legal and regulatory issues in different jurisdictions.
3. REVIEW key technological developments, including the growth of e-commerce, and discuss their impact on MNCs now and in the future.
45
Social Media as a Journalistic Tool In the early stages of the war, the Syrian government banned international news media from covering the revolution. As a result, social media became the primary source of photos, videos, and news stories from inside the conflict. The Syrian civil war represented one of the first major conflicts in which citizens could instantly record video from the front lines and, using smartphones, transmit that footage to the Internet in real time. News organizations, unable to gather information from any other source, used the uploaded social media to build their reports.9
Syrians from all sides of the conflict created and shared this content on various social networking sites, attempting to build international support for their cause.10 The sheer amount of content uploaded is staggering; over a million videos from within the revolution were uploaded to YouTube, often taken by cellular phone. Another website, OnSyria, was used by pro- testors to upload nearly 200,000 videos. More importantly, smartphones and social networks ensured that any human rights violations from either revolu- tionaries or the government would be broadcast online, likely eroding any international support that the inflicting party had. In August 2013, one of the most defining moments in the early years of the war occurred when hundreds of civilians were killed in a sarin gas chemical attack in Ghouta, allegedly perpetrated by the Syrian government. Almost instantly, wit- nesses and first responders uploaded photos and video of the aftermath to social networking sites including YouTube, Reddit, and Twitter. These images marked a critical turning point in the global public opinion and international involvement in the war. The U.S. government had taken a hands-off approach prior to the attacks; however, once these human rights viola- tions were broadcast across social media, the U.S. had no choice but to take a formal stand against the Syrian government.11
Social Media as a Support-Building Tool Unlike written news releases, pictures and videos have the ability to convey information in emotional ways that transcend language. During the Syrian civil war, social media, used as a visual medium, led the global community to unite behind the plight of the Syrian refugees in an unprecedented way. Throughout early 2015, images and videos of overloaded rafts, filled with desperately fleeing Syrians, dominated social media. The emotion and suffering of the refugees were con- veyed through these images to a worldwide audience in real
uploaded to YouTube showing the Syrian government harshly cracking down on nonviolent protesters, nearly 100,000 Syrians organized via Facebook and staged a protest in Hama in June 2011. The strength in numbers afforded by social media has made the Syrian protests incredibly difficult to dissolve; the mass scale of protests organized through social networking sites far outnumbers the military and government forces sent to suppress them. Tips on how to protect oneself from tear gas and police batons are shared through Facebook groups, and Twitter has served as a communication lifeline when gov- ernment authorities have attempted to disperse the crowds.1,2
Social media has provided such a powerful tool to revolu- tionaries that the Syrian government has attempted to completely disrupt Internet service on several occasions since 2011, most notably during massive protests demanding the removal of President Bashar al-Assad. Widespread outages spread through nearly all of Syria, including Damascus, essentially shutting off all communication with the outside world.3 Cyber attacks have also been perpetrated by supporters of the Syrian government in an attempt to censor photos and videos coming from the protesters; malware programs that steal Facebook and YouTube logins have been dispatched on a massive scale.4 Smartphones have morphed into a symbol of the revolutionary forces, with Syrian government soldiers and ISIS border guards often demanding to inspect cell phones of anyone passing through their posts.5
Those fleeing the conflict have also utilized social media to plan safe escape from Syria. Refugees who successfully migrated to Europe assist those still making the journey through online activity. A Facebook group dedicated to sharing knowledge and advice with fellow refugees has over 100,000 members. Topics range from necessary supplies and route information to messages of encouragement. Smugglers, often necessary for safe passage, are recommended and discussed, and even weather conditions are relayed to those making the journey by sea.6,7 Refugees in past conflicts often separated from their family and friends with the unfortunate yet realistic possibility that they would never reunite. During the Syrian conflict, refugees have been able to send messages to their loved ones and update them on their safety throughout their journey.8 WhatsApp, the instant messaging application, is popular among refugees not only for familial communication but also for its ability to connect with transportation, smug- glers, and even Greek coast guard officials in the event of an emergency.
46 Part 1 Environmental Foundation
The role of social media as an organizing tool, a journalistic tool, and a support-building tool, all in the context of political change, underscores the interesting interactions of technological progress and political conflict and change. Social media has enabled revo- lutionaries, governments, journalists, and even terrorists to organize quickly, communi- cate globally, and build support for their cause, resulting in serious ramifications for international management. It is important for international managers to think through these complex political, legal, and technological issues that arise in a world that embraces rapid change so that they are prepared for potential challenges. MNCs must collabora- tively work with new governments as laws, policies, and regulations are introduced and altered. Managing the political and legal environment will continue to be an important challenge for international managers, as will the rapid changes in the technological envi- ronment of global business.
■ Political Environment Both domestic and international political environments have a major impact on MNCs. As government policies change, MNCs must adjust their strategies and practices to accommodate the new perspectives and actual requirements. Moreover, in a growing number of regions and countries, governments appear to be less stable; therefore, these areas carry more risk than they have in the past. The assessment of political risk and strategies to cope with it will be given specific attention in Chapter 10, but in this chap- ter we focus on general political systems with selected areas used as illustrations relevant to today’s international managers.
The political system or system of government in a country greatly influences how its people manage and conduct business. We discussed in Chapter 1 how the government regulates business practices via economic systems. Here we review the general systems currently in place throughout the world. Political systems vary greatly between nation- states across the world. The issue with understanding how to conduct international man- agement extends beyond general knowledge of the governmental practices to the specifics of the legal and regulatory frameworks in place. Underlying the actions of a government is the ideology informing the beliefs, values, behavior, and culture of the nation and its political system. We discussed ideologies and the philosophies underpin- ning them above. Effective management occurs when these different ideologies and philosophies are recognized and understood.
A political system can be evaluated along two dimensions. The first dimension focuses on the rights of citizens under governments ranging from fully democratic to totalitarian. The other dimension measures whether the focus of the political system is
200,000 times within 24 hours. In the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, the hashtag “#RefugeesWelcome” swelled to 1.5 million shares.12 Within four days, 78 percent of the British public had seen the photo of Al-Kurdi, and 92 per- cent had at least heard about it. The photo was directly linked to increased support: Those who had seen the photo were nearly twice as likely to say that the United Kingdom should take in more refugees.13 Support in the form of financial donations also surged. Migrant Offshore Aid Station, an NGO focused on search and rescue efforts, reported a 1,400 per- cent increase in donations in the 24 hours immediately after the pictures went viral. Donations to organizations including Oxfam and Care Canada doubled in one week what had been raised all year.14
time. Though thousands of images, stories, and videos were shared over various social networks during the crisis, the September 2015 photo of a deceased toddler, Aylan Al-Kurdi, who had drowned during his family’s attempted escape on a raft across the Mediterranean, provoked global outcry and underscores the power of social media as a support-building tool. As a direct result of this image, financial and emotional support among the global community grew almost instantly. World leaders, including French President François Hollande, British Prime Minister David Cameron, and Irish Prime Minister Enda Kenny, publically expressed support and shock after seeing the picture of the toddler. Spreading across social networks almost instantly, the hashtag “#kiyiyavuraninsanlik,” meaning “Humanity Washed Ashore,” was shared more than
Chapter 2 The Political, Legal, and Technological Environment 47
on individuals or the broader collective. The first dimension is the ideology of the system, while the second measures the degree of individualism or collectivism. No pure form of government exists in any category, so we can assume that there are many gradations along the two extremes. The observed correlation suggests that democratic societies emphasize individualism, while totalitarian societies lean toward collectivism.15
Ideologies Individualism Adopters of individualism adhere to the philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint. This means that government interest should not solely influence individual behavior. In a business con- text, this is synonymous with capitalism and is connected to a free-market society, as discussed in Chapter 1, which encourages diversity and competition, compounded with private ownership, to stimulate productivity. It has been argued that private property is more successful, progressive, and productive than communal property due to increased incentives for maintenance and focus on care for individually owned property. The idea is that working in a group requires less energy per person to achieve the same goal, but an individual will work as hard as he or she has to in order to survive in a competitive environment. Simply following the status quo will stunt progress, while competing will increase creativity and progress. Modern managers may witness this when dealing with those who adopt an individualist philosophy and then must work in a team situation. Research has shown that team performance is negatively influenced by those who con- sider themselves individualistic; however, competition stimulates motivation and encourages increased efforts to achieve goals.16
The groundwork for this ideology was founded long ago. Philosophers such as David Hume (1711–1776), Adam Smith (1723–1790), and even Aristotle (384–322 BC) contributed to these principles. While philosophers created the foundation for this belief system long ago, it can be witnessed playing out through modern practice. Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, areas of Latin America, Great Britain, and Sweden all have moved toward the idea that the betterment of society is related to the level of free- dom individuals have in pursuing economic goals, along with general individual free- doms and self-expression without governmental constraint. The well-known movement in Britain toward privatization was led by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher during her 11 years in office (1979–1990), when she successfully transferred ownership of many companies from the state to individuals and reduced the government-owned portion of gross national product from 10 to 3.9 percent. She was truly a pioneer in the movement toward a capitalistic society, which has since spread across Europe.
International managers must remain alert as to how political changes may impact their business, as a continuous struggle for a foothold in government power often affects leaders in office. For example, Britain’s economy improved under the leadership of Tony Blair; however, his support of the Iraq War severely weakened his position. Conservative David Cameron, first elected prime minister in 2010, sought to integrate traditional con- servative principles without ignoring social development policies, something the Labour Party has traditionally focused on. More recently, however, increased concerns about immigration and the role of the EU in managing affairs in member states prompted the United Kingdom to vote to leave the EU, a process that has been termed “Brexit.” Gov- ernment policy, in its attempt to control the economic environment, waxes and wanes, something the international manager must be keenly sensitive to.
Europe has added complexity to the political environment with the unification of the EU, which celebrated its 60th “birthday” in 2017. Notwithstanding the increasing integration of the EU, MNCs still need to be responsive to the political environment of individual countries, some due to the persistence of cultural differences, which will be discussed in Chapter 5. Yet, there are also significant interdependencies. For example, the recent economic crises in Greece, Spain, Portugal, and Ireland have prompted Germany and France to mobilize public and private financial support, even though the
individualism The political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint (Chapter 2); the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only (Chapter 4).
48 Part 1 Environmental Foundation
two largest economies in the euro zone have residual distrust from earlier eras of conflict and disagreement.17 Europe is no longer a group of fragmented countries; it is a giant and expanding interwoven region in which international managers must be aware of what is happening politically, not only in the immediate area of operations but also throughout the continent. The EU consists of countries that adhere to individualistic orientations as well as those that follow collectivist ideals.
Collectivism Collectivism views the needs and goals of society at large as more im- portant than individual desires.18 The reason there is no one rigid form of collectivism is because societal goals and the decision of how to keep people focused on them differ greatly among national cultures. The Greek philosopher Plato (427–347 BC) believed that individual rights should be sacrificed and property should be commonly owned. While on the surface one may assume that this would lead to a classless society, Plato believed that classes should still exist and that the best suited should rule over the people. Many forms of collectivism do not adhere to that idea.
Collectivism emerged in Germany and Italy as “national socialism,” or fascism. Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests inferior to the needs of the state and seeks to forge a type of national unity, usually based on ethnic, religious, cultural, or racial attributes. Various scholars attribute different characteristics to fascism, but the following elements are usually seen as its integral parts: nationalism, authoritarianism, militarism, corporatism, collectivism, totalitarianism, anticommunism, and opposition to economic and political liberalism.
We will explore individualism and collectivism again in Chapter 4 in the context of national cultural characteristics.
Socialism Socialism directly refers to a society in which there is government ownership of institutions but profit is not the ultimate goal. In addition to historically communist states such as China, North Korea, and Cuba, socialism has been practiced to varying degrees in recent years in a more moderate form—“democratic socialism”—by Great Britain’s Labour Party, Germany’s Social Democrats, as well as in France, Spain, and Greece.19
Modern socialism draws on the philosophies of Karl Marx (1818–1883), Friedrich Engels (1820–1895), and Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870–1924). Marx believed that govern- ments should own businesses because in a capitalistic society only a few would benefit, and it would probably be at the expense of others in the form of not paying wages due to laborers. He advocated a classless society where everything was essentially communal. Socialism is a broad political movement and forms of it are unstable. In modern times, it branched off into two extremes: communism and social democracy.
Communism is an extreme form of socialism that was realized through violent revolution and was committed to the idea of a worldwide communist state. During the 1970s, most of the world’s population lived in communist states. The communist party encompassed the former Soviet Union, China, and nations in Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Cuba, Nicaragua, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam headed a notorious list. Today much of the communist collective has disintegrated. China still exhibits communism in the form of limiting individual political freedom. China has begun to move away from communism in the economic and business realms because it has discovered the failure of communism as an economic system due to the tendency of common goals to stunt economic progress and individual creativity.
Some transition countries, such as Russia, are postcommunist but still retain aspects of an authoritarian government. Russia presents one of the most extreme examples of how the political environment affects international management. Poorly managed approaches to the economic and political transition resulted in neglect, corruption, and confusing changes in economic policy.20 Devoid of funds and experiencing regular gas pipeline leaks, toxic drinking water, pitted roads, and electricity shutoffs, Russia did not present attractive investment opportunities as it moved away from communism. Yet more
collectivism The political philosophy that views the needs or goals of society as a whole as more important than individual desires (Chapter 2); the tendency of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty (Chapter 4).
socialism A moderate form of collectivism in which there is government ownership of institutions, and profit is not the ultimate goal.
Chapter 2 The Political, Legal, and Technological Environment 49
companies are taking the risk of investing in Russia because of increasing ease of entry, the new attempt at dividing and privatizing the Unified Energy System, and the move- ment by the Kremlin to begin government funding for the good of society including education, housing, and health care.21 Actions by the Russian government over the past few years, however, continue to call into question the transparency and reliability of the Russian government. BP, Exxon Mobil, and Ikea have each encountered de facto expro- priation, corruption, and state-directed industrialization (see The World of International Management at the beginning of Chapter 10).
One of the biggest problems in Russia and in other transition economies is cor- ruption, which we will discuss in greater depth in Chapter 3. The 2014 Corruption Perception Index from Transparency International ranked Russia 136th out of 174 coun- tries, falling behind Egypt and Colombia.22 Brazil, China, and India, part of the BRIC emerging markets block, consistently score higher than Russia. In the 2015 Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom, Russia’s overall rating in the measurement of economic openness, regulatory efficiency, the rule of law, and competitiveness remained at 52.1 this year, ranking it only 2.1 points away from being a repressive economic busi- ness environment.23 As more MNCs invest in Russia, these unethical practices will face increasing scrutiny if political forces can be contained. To date, some multinationals feel that the risk is too great, especially with corruption continuing to spread throughout the country. Despite the Kremlin’s support of citizens, Russia is in danger of becoming a unified corrupt system. Still most view Russia as they do China: Both are markets that are too large and potentially too lucrative to ignore.
Social democracy refers to a socialist movement that achieved its goals through nonviolent revolution. This system was pervasive in such Western nations as Australia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, Spain, and Sweden, as well as in India and Brazil. While social democracy was a great influence on these nations at one time or another, in practice it was not as viable as anticipated. Businesses that were nationalized were quite inefficient due to the guarantee of funding and the monopolistic structure. Citizens suffered a hike in both taxes and prices, which was contrary to the public inter- est and the good of the people. The 1970s and 1980s witnessed a response to this unfair structure with the success of Britain’s Conservative Party and Germany’s Christian Dem- ocratic Party, both of which adopted free-market ideals. Margaret Thatcher, as mentioned previously, was a great leader in this movement toward privatization. Although many businesses have been privatized, Britain still has a central government that adheres to the ideal of social democracy. With Britain facing severe budget shortfalls, Prime Min- ister David Cameron, first elected in 2010, proposed a comprehensive restructuring of public services that could further alter the country’s longstanding commitment to a broad social support program. Under his administration, austerity measures, including cuts to military and social program spending, were implemented. The Conservatives and David Cameron were reelected in a landslide in 2015, however, the Brexit vote was seen as a repudiation to Cameron and he later resigned.24
It is important to note here the difference between the nationalization of businesses and nationalism. The nationalization of businesses is the transference of ownership of a business from individuals or groups of individuals to the government. This may be done for several reasons: The ideologies of the country encourage the government to extract more money from the firm, the government believes the firm is hiding money, the gov- ernment has a large investment in the company, or the government wants to secure wages and employment status because jobs would otherwise be lost. Nationalism, on the other hand, is an ideal in and of itself whereby an individual is completely loyal to his or her nation. People who are a part of this mindset gather under a common flag for such reasons as language or culture. The confusing thing for the international businessperson is that it can be associated with both individualism and collectivism. Nationalism exists in the United States, where there is a national anthem and all citizens gather under a common flag, even though individualism is practiced in the midst of a myriad of cultures and extensive diversity. Nationalism also exists in China, exemplified in the movement
50 Part 1 Environmental Foundation
against Japan in the mid-1930s and the communist victory in 1949 when communist leader Mao Tse-tung gathered communists and peasants to fight for a common goal. This ultimately led to the People’s Republic of China. In the case of modern China, nationalism presupposes collectivism.
Political Systems There are two basic anchors to political systems, each of which represents an “ideal type” that may not exist in pure form.
Democracy Democracy, with its European roots and strong presence in Northern and Western Europe, refers to the system in which the government is controlled by the citi- zens either directly or through elections. Essentially, every citizen should be involved in decision-making processes. The representative government ensures individual freedom since anyone who is eligible may have a voice in the choices made.
A democratic society cannot exist without at least a two-party system. Once elected, the representative is held accountable to the electorate for his or her actions, and this ultimately limits governmental power. Individual freedoms, such as freedom of expression and assembly, are secured. Further protections of citizens include impartial public service, such as a police force and court …
,
International Management
© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 2
The Political, Legal, and Technological Environment
© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Learning Objectives
Introduce the basic political systems that characterize regions and countries around the world and offer brief examples of each and their implications for international management
© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Learning Objectives (continued)
Present an overview of the legal and regulatory environment in which MNCs operate worldwide, and highlight differences in approach to legal and regulatory issues in different jurisdictions
Review key technological developments, including the growth of e-commerce, and discuss their impact on MNCs now and in the future
© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized
Collepals.com Plagiarism Free Papers
Are you looking for custom essay writing service or even dissertation writing services? Just request for our write my paper service, and we'll match you with the best essay writer in your subject! With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.
Get ZERO PLAGIARISM, HUMAN WRITTEN ESSAYS
Why Hire Collepals.com writers to do your paper?
Quality- We are experienced and have access to ample research materials.
We write plagiarism Free Content
Confidential- We never share or sell your personal information to third parties.
Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.
All Rights Reserved Terms and Conditions
College pals.com Privacy Policy 2010-2018