Using the seminar suggestions on how to prepare a literature review, annotate one of these papers: Chee, F. E., Larissa Hjor
Due in 4 hours
Using the seminar suggestions on how to prepare a literature review, annotate one of these papers:
Chee, F. E., Larissa Hjorth & Hugh Davies (2021) An ethnographic co-design approach to promoting diversity in the games industry, Feminist Media Studies, 1-17
Or
Anderies, J.A. (2014) Embedding built environments in social–ecological systems: resilience-based design principles, Building Research & Information, 42:2, 130-142.
Make sure to structure your annotation, to use description and evaluation, and aim for around 250 words. If quoting something directly from the paper, include Harvard in text citation.
Literature review and annotated reading
E19CO Seminar 3
“(…) a thematic synthesis of sources used to provide readers with an up-to-date summary of theoretical and empirical findings on a particular topic.”
Cisco, J (2014) Teaching the Literature Review: A Practical Approach for College Instructors. Teaching & Learning Inquiry: The ISSOTL Journal, vol. 2, no. 2, 2014, pp. 41–57. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/teachlearninqu.2.2.41.
Common errors/1
“Writers new to literature reviews will commonly approach the structure with an author-driven format, based on separate authors rather than a synthesis of those authors.” (Cisco 2014)
“The result is a paper whose second paragraph (i.e. after the introduction) begins with “Author 1 argues X.” The third paragraph continues with a topic sentence giving some form of “Author 2 argues X.” (Cisco 2014)
Common errors/2
“Confused students may continue this author-driven format until they run out of sources or reach the page requirement.” (Cisco 2014)
The final paper, then, is an introduction and conclusion connected by seemingly disconnected sources, giving only summary and no synthesis. (Cisco 2014)
Better approaches
“(…) understanding literature reviews and the relationship between sources.” (Cisco2014)
“(…) synthesizing multiple sources is not difficult, just new.” (Cisco 2014)
“(…) as we are reading this material, we begin to see certain patterns, or themes. We start to see that different authors begin discussing the same things. Those things might be a definition of an abstract term, a methodology, an interaction between certain variables, or a disagreement. As the reader, we can begin to categorize our sources by those themes (…). (Cisco 2014)
Key to finding a strong lit review structure is Annotated reading
Preparing academic papers for composition of a literature review
Annotation
Annotating is any action that deliberately interacts with a text to enhance the reader's understanding of recall of and reaction to the text. Sometimes called "close reading," annotating usually involves highlighting or underlining key pieces of text and making notes in the margins of the text.
As you annotate, you should note the author's main points, shifts in the message or perspective of the text, key areas of focus, and your own thoughts as you read.
Purpose of annotated (or close) reading
Descriptive
i.e. summarizing content and citing key points
Evaluative
i.e. commenting on knowledge contribution to topic
NOTE DOWN
Key content
Key structure
DETERMINE
Relevance
Accuracy
Quality
Example of annotated reading based on Luckman, S (2018) Craft entrepreneurialism and sustainable scale: resistance to and disavowal of the creative industries as champions of capitalist growth, Cultural Trends, 27:5, 313-326 table of content
You might initially consider the structure/ table of content of the paper you want to annotate:
Creative entrepreneurialism: neoliberal dreams for cultural and creative work
Gender and creative entrepreneurialism
Crafting middle class employment in a precarious labour market
In other words, you are likely to get insights into aspects of neoliberalism, gender and precarious labour in craft.
Example of annotated reading based on Luckman (2018) KEYWORDS
Consider keywords (and/ or abstract) of the paper
Craft, micro-enterprise, creative work, entrepreneurialism, handmade, growth
You want to ascertain that keywords/ abstract accurately reflect the paper’s content, or comment on how they do not.
Example of annotated reading based on Luckman (2018) summary of key points
entrepreneurial support as the new funding for the arts?
Need to consider current attitudes towards making from a capitalist or neo-liberalist point of view
‘hand up rather than hand out’
supporting start ups, micro enterprise and self employment
perceived natural route of scaling up and stepping away from making
This will allow you to determine the key contributions of a paper to your topic
Example of annotated reading based on Luckman (2018) summary of key strengths and weaknesses
Take notes of whast you consider the strength and weakness of a paper, with evidence
Considering an often marginalised element of craft, i.e. what might be called non-occupational craft
Concentrating on a closed sample of largely female crafters in Australia, so possibly with less insights for other groups and areas
This will allow you to comment on quality and significance of a paper
Annotation steps
1. Survey
•Note the title–what does it tell you about the article’s topic/argument?
•Read Abstract and keywords
•Note structure and headings -what do they tell you?
2. Skim
•Read the first few sentences of each paragraph
•Identify the main thesis/ argument.
•Underline the main argument or viewpoint, one or two sentences) and write it in your own words in the margin and on a separate piece of paper, with page number reference.
•Highlight the point of each paragraph and summarize it in the margin in your own words.
3. Read: This is your third time of reading
•Read through the entire article and look for more details. Highlight supporting evidence.
Take notes in a separate file on what method of research or evidence is cited.
•Write any questions you have in the margins.
•Look up unknown words in dictionary and write meanings in margins.
Annotating strategies
You can annotate by hand or by using document software. You can also annotate on post-its if you have a text you do not want to mark up. As you annotate, use these strategies to make the most of your efforts:
Include a key or legend on your paper that indicates what each marking is for and use a different marking for each type of information. Example: Underline for key points, highlight for vocabulary, and circle for transition points.
If you use highlighters, consider using different colours for different types of reactions to the text. Example: Yellow for definitions, orange for questions, and blue for disagreement/confusion.
Dedicate different tasks to each margin: Use one margin to make an outline of the text (thesis statement, description, definition #1, counter argument, etc.) and summarize main ideas, and use the other margin to note your thoughts, questions, and reactions to the text.
Lastly, as you annotate, make sure you are including descriptions of the text as well as your own reactions to the text. This will allow you to skim your notations at a later date to locate key information and quotations, and to recall your thought processes more easily and quickly.
Make sure to soon pull information into a separate file in addition to highlighting in the text so that you can recall that information quickly when composing your review.
Annotation is followed by organising papers and should be done with the structure of the review in mind
Imagine one big bubble in which you deposit all relevant literature on your topic as you are searching texts for the review
Increasingly break it down into smaller bubbles as you are planning the review, in order to visualise which texts relate to which sub-category of topic
1, 3, 7
2,4
1,2,3,4,5,6
8,9
5,6
Cisco 2014
Sorting texts into thematic buckets
Conduct annotated reading of texts in order to identify what themes are covered within each, then sort accordingly
theme 2
theme 3
theme 1
Another possible approach…
“(…) ideas [or topic] driven as opposed to author driven (…)” (Cisco 2014)
choose a format that works for you in order to sort the papers into themes
Edensor | Barrere | Christoforido | |
Aims | … | … | |
Methods | Ethnographic observation | review | Case study |
Findings | double edged effects of heritage | … | |
etc. | … | Disruptive effect of alien concepts |
Good advice
“(…) persons writing a review need to read [and fully understand!!!] all of their sources before writing their literature reviews.“
“(…) use an increased number of relevant, credible sources, which may add to the depth to their arguments. (…) having a large number of sources for the sake of expanding a reference list can create a cumbersome, irrelevant review.”
How to best practice writing your literature review?
Use Manchester Academic phrasebook to expand
your academic vocabulary.
http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/
Homework for Tuesday 1st february 2022
Using today’s suggestions on how to prepare a literature review, annotate one of these papers:
Chee, F. E., Larissa Hjorth & Hugh Davies (2021) An ethnographic co-design approach to promoting diversity in the games industry, Feminist Media Studies, 1-17
Or
Anderies, J.A. (2014) Embedding built environments in social–ecological systems: resilience-based design principles, Building Research & Information, 42:2, 130-142.
Post one annotation in the assignment folder by 1st February
14 GMT/ 17 GST.
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