REFORMATION GERMANY AND SWITZERLAND The Reformation began in German and Swiss ?, small city-states within the Holy Roman Em

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REFORMATION GERMANY AND SWITZERLAND

The Reformation began in German and Swiss  , small city-states within the Holy Roman Empire. Initially, the Reformation’s supporters were those with a history of   with authorities. Many towns had complaints against mismanagement or other inappropriate behavior among their bishops, abbots, or prelates, who had   their benefices.

The Northern Renaissance, a movement of humanists from more   social backgrounds than their Italian counterparts, was more committed to   reform than other humanist movements were.

Martin Luther’s   Theses, posted in 1517 in protest of indulgences and other disputes with the Roman Church, became a focus for humanists and reformers. Luther’s capacity for free action was enhanced by the distraction caused by the election of the new Holy Roman Emperor,  ; concessions made by the new emperor during his campaign; Luther’s allies who hid him in 1521 and 1522; and attacks against the Hapsburg holdings. When German peasants rebelled, demanding economic and spiritual equality and an end to serfdom, Luther sided against the  , calling them un-Christian.

The success of Protestants in Germany led to reforms like compulsory education, humanist revisions of curriculum, and instruction for lay people about  . From Germany, Lutheranism spread in the first half of the 16th century to Poland, Denmark, and  . 

The city of   became the center of the Swiss reformation because of the efforts of a popular priest,  , who opposed practices that were not specifically written in scripture. His disagreement with Luther about the nature of the bread and wine in the   prevented a unified Protestant movement.

The early movement for adult baptism and withdrawal from society to form a more perfect community–called  –was condemned by the pope, Lutherans, and Zwinglians, but found adherents among the rural poor.

In Geneva,   led a reform movement focused on creating a godly society. He taught the godly  , those predestined for salvation.