Describe and explain how commanders and staff analyze factors such as determine specified, implied, and essential tasks & review availa

ATP 2-01.3

Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield

MARCH 2019

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This publication supersedes ATP 2-01.3/MCRP 2-3A, dated 10 November 2014.

Headquarters, Department of the Army

This publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate site

(https://armypubs.army.mil), and the Central Army Registry site

(https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard).

*ATP 2-01.3

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is

unlimited.

*This publication supersedes ATP 2-01.3/MCRP 2-3A, dated 10 November 2014.

ATP 2-01.3 i

Army Techniques Publication

No. 2-01.3

Headquarters

Department of the Army

Washington, DC 1 March 2019

Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield

Contents

Page

PREFACE………………………………………………………………………………………………. vii

INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………… xi

PART ONE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES, PROCESS ACTIVITIES, AND RELATIONSHIPS

Chapter 1 INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD FUNDAMENTALS1-1 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB) Defined ……………………………… 1-1 IPB Process Activities …………………………………………………………………………….. 1-3 Staff Collaboration …………………………………………………………………………………. 1-5 Relationships ………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-8 Multi-Domain Understanding of the Operational Environment ……………………. 1-12 IPB and the Army’s Strategic Roles ……………………………………………………….. 1-15

Chapter 2 IPB SUPPORT TO PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING ………………………… 2-1 IPB and Planning …………………………………………………………………………………… 2-1 IPB and Decision Making ……………………………………………………………………….. 2-5

PART TWO FUNDAMENTAL TASK TECHNIQUES

Chapter 3 STEP 1—DEFINE THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT …………………………. 3-1 What Is It?…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3-1 So What? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3-2 How to Do It: The Process………………………………………………………………………. 3-2 Identify the Limits of the Commander’s Area of Operations …………………………. 3-3 Identify the Limits of the Commander’s Area of Interest ……………………………… 3-3 Identify Significant Characteristics of the Area of Operations and Area of Interest for Further Analysis ……………………………………………………………………. 3-5 Evaluate Current Operations and Intelligence Holdings to Determine Additional Information Needed to Complete IPB ………………………………………… 3-8 Initiate Processes to Acquire the Information Needed to Complete IPB ………… 3-8

Contents

ii ATP 2-01.3 1 March 2019

Chapter 4 STEP 2—DESCRIBE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON OPERATIONS …….. 4-1 What Is It? …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4-1 So What? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4-1 How to Do It: The Process ………………………………………………………………………. 4-2 Describe How the Threat Can Affect Friendly Operations ……………………………. 4-2 Describe How Terrain Can Affect Friendly and Threat Operations ……………….. 4-5 Describe How Weather Can Affect Friendly and Threat Operations ……………. 4-19 Describe How Civil Considerations Can Affect Friendly and Threat Operations …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4-22

Chapter 5 STEP 3—EVALUATE THE THREAT ……………………………………………………….. 5-1 What Is It? …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5-1 So What? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5-3 How to Do It: The Process ………………………………………………………………………. 5-4 Identify Threat Characteristics …………………………………………………………………. 5-5 Create or Refine Threat Models ……………………………………………………………….. 5-9 Identify Threat Capabilities ……………………………………………………………………. 5-16 Outputs from Step 3 of the IPB Process ………………………………………………….. 5-18

Chapter 6 STEP 4—DETERMINE THREAT COURSES OF ACTION …………………………. 6-1 What Is It? …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6-1 So What? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 6-1 How to Do It: The Process ………………………………………………………………………. 6-2 Develop Threat Courses of Action ……………………………………………………………. 6-2 Develop the Event Template and Matrix ………………………………………………….. 6-20

PART THREE CONSIDERATIONS FOR OPERATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTS

Chapter 7 IPB FOR UNIFIED ACTION AND UNIQUE ENVIRONMENTS ……………………. 7-1

Section I – Unified Action ……………………………………………………………………… 7-1 Offensive Tasks …………………………………………………………………………………….. 7-1 Defensive Tasks …………………………………………………………………………………….. 7-4 Stability Tasks ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 7-6

Section II – Unique Environments ……………………………………………………….. 7-16 Littoral Environments ……………………………………………………………………………. 7-16 Urban Environments …………………………………………………………………………….. 7-19 Subterranean Environments ………………………………………………………………….. 7-34

Chapter 8 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS .. 8-1 The Operational Environment ………………………………………………………………….. 8-1 Air Domain ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 8-1 Land Domain …………………………………………………………………………………………. 8-1 Maritime Domain ……………………………………………………………………………………. 8-2 Space Domain ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 8-3 Cyberspace Domain……………………………………………………………………………….. 8-6 The Information Environment …………………………………………………………………… 8-6 The Electromagnetic Spectrum ………………………………………………………………… 8-7

Appendix A INTELLIGENCE STAFF OFFICER IPB CHECKLIST ……………………………….. A-1

Appendix B TOOLS FOR USE DURING IPB …………………………………………………………….. B-1

Contents

1 March 2019 ATP 2-01.3 iii

Appendix C THREAT CHARACTERISTICS FOR REGULAR, IRREGULAR, AND HYBRID THREATS …………………………………………………………………………………………….. C-1

Appendix D IPB CYBERSPACE CONSIDERATIONS …………………………………………………. D-1

GLOSSARY ……………………………………………………………………………… Glossary-1

REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………. References-1

INDEX ……………………………………………………………………………………………. Index-1

Figures

Introductory figure. Products of the IPB process …………………………………………………………….. xi

Figure 2-1. IPB and the MDMP steps …………………………………………………………………………. 2-2

Figure 3-1. Substeps and outputs of step 1 of the IPB process ……………………………………… 3-2

Figure 3-2. Area of operations examples ……………………………………………………………………. 3-3

Figure 4-1. Substeps and outputs of step 2 of the IPB process ……………………………………… 4-2

Figure 4-2. Threat overlay example …………………………………………………………………………… 4-3

Figure 4-3. The focus of natural and complex terrain analysis ………………………………………. 4-5

Figure 4-4. Intervisibility line example ………………………………………………………………………… 4-6

Figure 4-5. Observation and fields of fire (complex terrain) example ……………………………… 4-8

Figure 4-6. Avenues of approach with mobility corridors (natural terrain) example …………… 4-9

Figure 4-7. Key terrain (natural terrain) example ……………………………………………………….. 4-10

Figure 4-8. Cover and concealment (natural terrain) and line of sight analysis examples …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4-13

Figure 4-9. Modified combined obstacle overlay example …………………………………………… 4-14

Figure 4-10. Modified combined obstacle overlay example for an urban area ……………….. 4-15

Figure 4-11. Concentric ring technique example………………………………………………………… 4-17

Figure 4-12. Belt technique example ………………………………………………………………………… 4-18

Figure 4-13. Avenue-in-depth technique example ……………………………………………………… 4-18

Figure 4-14. Box technique example ………………………………………………………………………… 4-19

Figure 5-1. Substeps and outputs of step 3 of the IPB process ……………………………………… 5-4

Figure 5-2. Regular threat organizational chart example ………………………………………………. 5-5

Figure 5-3. Irregular threat organizational chart example ……………………………………………… 5-6

Figure 5-4. Threat model example …………………………………………………………………………… 5-10

Figure 5-5. Time event chart example ………………………………………………………………………. 5-15

Figure 5-6. Threat template example ……………………………………………………………………….. 5-19

Figure 5-7. High-value target list developed during step 3 of IPB (example) ………………….. 5-20

Figure 5-8. Threat capability statement example (narrative format) ……………………………… 5-20

Figure 5-9. Threat capability statement example (table format) ……………………………………. 5-21

Figure 6-1. Substeps and outputs of step 4 of the IPB process ……………………………………… 6-2

Figure 6-2. Developing a situation template ………………………………………………………………… 6-9

Figure 6-3. Completed situation template example …………………………………………………….. 6-10

Figure 6-4. Situation template in a matrix format example …………………………………………… 6-10

Contents

iv ATP 2-01.3 1 March 2019

Figure 6-5. Situation template as an overlay depicting the enemy in offensive tasks ……… 6-12

Figure 6-6. Situation template as an overlay depicting the enemy defense …………………… 6-14

Figure 6-7. Situation template as an overlay depicting irregular forces …………………………. 6-15

Figure 6-8. Threat course of action statement example ……………………………………………… 6-16

Figure 6-9. High-value target list developed during step 4 of IPB (example) …………………. 6-17

Figure 6-10. High-payoff target list developed during step 3 of the MDMP (example) …….. 6-17

Figure 6-11. Developing an event template ………………………………………………………………. 6-21

Figure 6-12. Completed event template example ………………………………………………………. 6-21

Figure 6-13. Completed event template and its associated event matrix example …………. 6-22

Figure 6-14. Decision support template and matrix example ………………………………………. 6-23

Figure 6-15. Information collection matrix example ……………………………………………………. 6-24

Figure 7-1. Types of seas and land masses encompassing littoral areas ……………………… 7-17

Figure 7-2. Interaction among key components of the urban environment ……………………. 7-19

Figure 7-3. Urban environment surface area example ……………………………………………….. 7-22

Figure 7-4. Urban area modified combined obstacle overlay example …………………………. 7-23

Figure 7-5. Gridded reference graphic example ………………………………………………………… 7-24

Figure 7-6. Urban look-down angle example …………………………………………………………….. 7-25

Figure 7-7. Urban environment air and maritime avenues of approach ………………………… 7-26

Figure 7-8. Urban pattern examples ………………………………………………………………………… 7-27

Figure 7-9. Street pattern and urban layout examples ……………………………………………….. 7-27

Figure 7-10. Urban environment obstacles to ground mobility …………………………………….. 7-28

Figure 7-11. Urban environment cover and concealment examples …………………………….. 7-29

Figure 7-12. Modification of urban infrastructure to permit ground mobility …………………… 7-31

Figure 7-13. Use of supersurfaces for weapons employment ……………………………………… 7-32

Figure 8-1. Layers of the Earth’s atmosphere …………………………………………………………….. 8-4

Figure D-1. Single versus multiple cyber-personas ……………………………………………………… D-3

Figure D-2. Area of operations and area of influence example ……………………………………… D-4

Figure D-3. Threat overlay with cyberspace components example ………………………………… D-6

Figure D-4. MCOO, physical network and cyber-persona layers example ………………………. D-8

Figure D-5. MCOO, physical network, logical network, and cyber-persona layers example ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. D-8

Figure D-6. Threat template with cyberspace considerations example …………………………. D-12

Figure D-7. Threat situation template with cyberspace considerations, example 1 ………… D-15

Figure D-8. Threat situation template with cyberspace considerations, example 2 ………… D-16

Figure D-9. Event template with cyberspace considerations, example 1 ………………………. D-17

Figure D-10. Event template with cyberspace considerations, example 2 …………………….. D-17

Contents

1 March 2019 ATP 2-01.3 v

Tables

Table 1-1. IPB and intelligence analysis support to operational framework considerations ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1-14

Table 1-2. IPB and the Army’s strategic roles ……………………………………………………………. 1-16

Table 4-1. Threat description table example ……………………………………………………………….. 4-4

Table 4-2. Maximum distances between and typical widths of mobility corridors ……………… 4-9

Table 4-3. Tactical obstacle effects ………………………………………………………………………….. 4-11

Table 4-4. Typical color control measures for modified combined obstacle overlays ………. 4-14

Table 4-5. Terrain effects matrix example …………………………………………………………………. 4-16

Table 4-6. Crosswalk of civil considerations (ASCOPE) with operational variables (PMESII) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4-23

Table 5-1. High-value targets by threat element and cyberspace…………………………………. 5-12

Table 5-2. CARVER matrix tool ……………………………………………………………………………….. 5-16

Table 6-1. Offensive indicators ………………………………………………………………………………… 6-18

Table 6-2. Defensive indicators ……………………………………………………………………………….. 6-19

Table 7-1. Civil security intelligence requirements ……………………………………………………….. 7-7

Table 7-2. Evaluating external threat organizations ……………………………………………………… 7-8

Table 7-3. Evaluating internal threat organizations …………………………………………………….. 7-10

Table 7-4. Evaluating the general population’s role in a conflict …………………………………… 7-11

Table 7-5. Information sources for supporting economic developments ……………………….. 7-15

Table 7-6. Framework for determining relevant aspects of littoral environments ……………. 7-16

Table 7-7. Example framework for identifying relevant aspects of urban environments…… 7-21

Table 7-8. Subterranean environment categories ………………………………………………………. 7-34

Table 7-9. Subterranean terrain features ………………………………………………………………….. 7-35

Table 7-10. Terrain effects matrix for a subterranean environment example …………………. 7-37

Table 8-1. IPB considerations for the information environment ……………………………………… 8-7

Table A-1. Intelligence staff officer IPB checklist ………………………………………………………….A-1

Table B-1. Height of eye versus horizon range …………………………………………………………….B-1

Table B-2. Terrain types for mechanized or armored forces …………………………………………..B-2

Table B-3. Cover from flat trajectory weapons ……………………………………………………………..B-3

Table B-4. Concealment from aerial detection and percentage of roof coverage ………………B-3

Table B-5. Port categories …………………………………………………………………………………………B-3

Table B-6. Minimum helipad and heliport requirements …………………………………………………B-3

Table B-7. Factors of foot marches for typical dismounted units …………………………………….B-4

Table B-8. Unopposed movement planning speeds for U.S. and opposition forces …………..B-5

Table B-9. Movement conversion ……………………………………………………………………………….B-5

Table B-10. Example of typical Soviet style frontages and depths for units (defense) ……….B-6

Table B-11. Example of typical Soviet style frontages and depths of objectives (offense) ………………………………………………………………………………………………..B-6

Table B-12. Environmental mission-limiting thresholds …………………………………………………B-6

Table B-13. Maximum ranges for the identification of select targets ……………………………….B-8

Contents

vi ATP 2-01.3 1 March 2019

Table B-14. Minimum airfield requirements ………………………………………………………………… B-8

Table B-15. Typical planning force ratios……………………………………………………………………. B-9

Table B-16. Traffic flow capability based on route width ………………………………………………. B-9

Table B-17. Metric conversion chart ………………………………………………………………………….. B-9

Table C-1. Description of potential irregular threats …………………………………………………….. C-1

Table D-1. Terrain analysis and corresponding cyberspace considerations ……………………. D-5

Table D-2. Threat description table with cyberspace considerations example…………………. D-7

Table D-3. Terrain effects matrix with cyberspace considerations example ……………………. D-9

Table D-4. Cyberspace considerations for the warfighting functions ……………………………. D-10

Table D-5. Event matrix with cyberspace considerations example ………………………………. D-18

1 March 2019 ATP 2-01.3 vii

Preface

ATP 2-01.3 constitutes current doctrine on how to systematically evaluate the effects of significant

characteristics of the operational environment (OE) for specific missions. This publication—

 Describes how the commander and staff examine mission variables to understand how these

variables may affect operations.

 Discusses intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) as a critical component of the military

decision-making process, how IPB supports decision making, and the integrating processes and

continuing activities.

 Facilitates a common understanding, foundational concepts, and methods of the IPB process.

The principal audience for ATP 2-01.3 is tactical Army commanders and staffs. Commanders and staffs of

Army headquarters serving as a joint task force or a multinational headquarters also refer to applicable joint

or multinational doctrine related to IPB. Trainers and educators throughout the Army also use this

publication.

Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure their decisions and actions comply with applicable United

States (U.S.), international, and in some cases host-nation and other nation’s laws and regulations when

applicable. Commanders at all levels ensure their Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of war and the

rules of engagement. (See FM 27-10.)

ATP 2-01.3 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in both

the glossary and the text. Terms for which ATP 2-01.3 is the proponent publication (the authority) are marked

with an asterisk (*) in the glossary. Definitions for which ATP 2-01.3 is the proponent publication are

boldfaced in the text. For other definitions shown in the text, the term is italicized and the number of the

proponent publication follows the definition.

This manual applies to intelligence activities conducted outside the United States. Intelligence activities

conducted inside the United States, as well as those that target U.S. persons and groups outside the United

States, invoke additional requirements and intelligence oversight rules. To the extent any of the activities

described in this publication are conducted inside the United States, or target U.S. persons or groups outside

the United States, consult the judge advocate for assistance.

ATP 2-01.3 applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States,

U.S. Army Reserve, unless otherwise stated.

The proponent of ATP 2-01.3 is the U.S. Army Intelligence Center of Excellence. The preparing agency is

the Directorate of Doctrine and Intelligence System Training, U.S. Army Intelligence Center of Excellence,

Fort Huachuca, AZ. Send comments and recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to

Publications and Blank Forms) to Commander, U.S. Army Intelligence Center of Excellence, ATTN:

ATZS-DST-D (ATP 2-01.3), 550 Cibeque Street, Fort Huachuca, AZ 85613-7017; by e-mail to

[email protected]; or submit an electronic DA Form 2028.

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1 March 2019 ATP 2-01.3 ix

Acknowledgement

The term Cyber Kill Chain, including Cyber Kill Chain methodology, in paragraphs D-33 through D-37, has

been used with permission from Lockheed Martin Corporation, www.lockheedmartin.com, Gaining the

Advantage: Applying Cyber Kill Chain® Methodology to Network Defense, 2015. The copyright owner has

granted permission to reproduce material from its works. With Lockheed Martin Corporation’s permission,

some of the text has been paraphrased and adapted for military purposes.

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1 March 2019 ATP 2-01.3 xi

Introduction

IPB is a collaborative staff effort led by the J-2/G-2/S-2 and the intelligence staff. IPB products developed

and continuously updated facilitate situational understanding and assist commanders and staffs in identifying

relevant aspects within the area of operations and area of interest that can affect mission accomplishment.

The introductory figure lists and summarizes the relevant IPB products.

Introductory figure. Products of the IPB process

Introduction

xii ATP 2-01.3 1 March 2019

The IPB process is unique—it impacts the range of military operations, is relevant across all echelons, and is

the fundamental element used in all planning and decision making.

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