The Urinary System Chapter

After reading and studying this chapter, the successful student should be able to:

1. Name and describe the organs of the urinary system and discuss the major functions of the system.

2. Describe the gross structural features of the kidneys.

3. Describe the internal anatomy of the kidneys and distinguish between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.

4. Describe the regions of the nephron and collecting system, including their general functions and histological appearances.

5. Trace the pathway of blood flow through a kidney and compare the patter of blood flow in cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.

6. Describe the structural features of the renal corpuscle and explain the functions of the filtration membrane components.

7. List and describe the factors that influence glomerular filtration rates and filtrate production.

8. Identify the types of transport mechanisms found along the PCT and DCT.

9. Describe how hormones affect urine volume and concentrations.

10. Summarize the major steps involved in water reabsorption and urine production.

11. Describe the structures and functions of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

12. Discuss the roles of local and central pathways in urination and describe the micturition reflex.

13. Describe common urinary disorders related to output and frequency.

14. Identify the distribution of water in the body and name the major cation and anion in each type of body fluid.

15. Explain what is meant by fluid balance and discuss its importance for homeostasis.

16. Summarize the relationship between sodium and water in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.

17. Explain what is meant by mineral balance and discuss its importance for homeostasis.

18. Explain factors that control potassium balance and discuss hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.

19. Describe the regulation of calcium balance and the two hormones that control it.

20. Describe the regulation of chloride and phosphate balance.

21. Identify the homeostatic ranges for sodium, potassium, phosphate, chloride, magnesium, and protein.

22. Explain the role of buffer systems in maintaining acid-base balance and pH.

23. Describe the three chemical buffering systems and identify whether they buffer intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid.

24. Name the weak acid and weak base for the three chemical buffering systems.

25. Describe the compensatory mechanisms involved in the maintenance of acid-base balance.

26. Describe respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis including the causes and compensations.

27. Describe metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis including the causes and compensations.

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