Stress and Health The Biopsychosocial Model
The Biopsychosocial Model
The biopsychosocial model was devised to counter the deficiencies of the biomedical model, which deals purely with physical health.
Three interrelating factors that determine health and illness:
Biological: physical responses, including cortisol release and suppression of the immune system.
Psychological: perceptions of stressors and coping mechanisms and emotional regulation.
Social: support mechanisms, demands of work, and socioeconomic position.
Stress will serve as an excellent example of how these might fit together.
Biological Impact of Stress
Stress turns on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Cortisol release prepares the body for a fight or flight response.
Effects of chronic stress other long-term effects of the activation of the hpa axis include immune system suppression, inflammation, and the promotion of such chronic diseases as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
Example: Chronic stress in caregivers often leads to weakened immunity and increased vulnerability to sickness.
Psychological Aspect of Stress
The psychological impact of stress depends largely on how individuals perceive and appraise stressful situations, with optimistic thinkers often managing stress better than those with negative patterns.
Coping mechanisms play a crucial role. positive strategies like mindfulness, relaxation, and cognitive-behavioral therapy can mitigate stress, while negative approaches such as avoidance or self-blame may exacerbate it.
Chronic stress can lead to serious mental health issues like anxiety, depression, and burnout; for instance, a student facing exam stress may spiral into worry if they catastrophize, but reframing techniques from CBT can help manage these thoughts effectively.
Social Aspect of Stress
Role of social support is a strong relationship with friends, family, or coworkers reduce stress and promote resilience.
In workplace high-pressure environments, lack of control, and poor team dynamics exacerbate stress. Positive environments with social support reduce burnout.
Societal expectations and norms influence stress perception.
During the pandemic, people with strong social networks reported lower levels of stress and anxiety.
Conclusion
The biopsychosocial model highlights the need to address stress holistically through biological, psychological, and social interventions.
Stress impacts health in complex ways, but targeted strategies can mitigate its effects.
Workplace stress management program by combining health checkups (biological), resilience training (psychological), and team-building activities (social).
Demonstrates measurable improvements in employee health and productivity.
By understanding stress from a biopsychosocial perspective, we can develop more effective interventions.
References
Rith-Najarian, L. R., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Nock, M. K. (2014). The biopsychosocial model of stress in adolescence: Self-awareness of performance versus stress reactivity. Stress, 17(2), 193-203. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2014.891102
Taukeni, S. G., Mathwasa, J., & Ntshuntshe, Z. (2022). Biopsychosocial model. Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6496-0.ch001
Taylor, S. (2017). Health Psychology. McGraw-Hill Education.
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