Define the concept of motivation and describe several major theories of motivation. 2. Identify different types of psychosocial needs. 3. Describe Maslow’s hi
1. Define the concept of motivation and describe several major theories of motivation.
2. Identify different types of psychosocial needs.
3. Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and identify the needs at each level in the hierarchy.
4. Explain how hunger and appetite are regulated.
5. Identify causal factors in obesity.
6. Identify and describe the types and causes of eating disorders.
7. Identify and describe the four phases of the sexual response cycle.
8. Describe how researchers characterize the continuum of sexual orientation.
9. Describe the causes of sexual dysfunctions.
10. Identify the three components of emotions and the six basic emotional expressions.
11. Describe the roles of gender and cultural factors in emotions.
12. Identify factors involved in human happiness.
13. Explain how the brain processes emotions.
14. Describe the major theories of emotion and identify the major theorists.
15. Define emotional intelligence and evaluate its importance.
16. Describe the polygraph technique and evaluate its reliability.
17. Apply techniques of anger management for controlling anger.
Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications, 6e Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion
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Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Icebreaker
Each student is asked to reflect upon the following questions to begin thinking about concepts related to motivation and emotion.
Why did you come to class today?
Were there other things you wanted to do instead?
What ultimately influenced your decision to be in class?
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Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter Objectives (1 of 4)
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
08.01 Define the concept of motivation and describe several major theories of motivation.
08.02 Identify different types of psychosocial needs.
08.03 Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and identify the needs at each level in the hierarchy.
08.04 Explain how hunger and appetite are regulated.
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Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter Objectives (2 of 4)
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
08.05 Identify causal factors in obesity.
08.06 Identify and describe the types and causes of eating disorders.
08.07 Identify and describe the four phases of the sexual response cycle.
08.08 Describe how researchers characterize the continuum of sexual orientation.
‹#›
Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter Objectives (3 of 4)
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
08.09 Describe the causes of sexual dysfunctions.
08.10 Identify the three components of emotions and the six basic emotional expressions.
08.11 Describe the roles of gender and cultural factors in emotions.
08.12 Identify factors involved in human happiness.
08.13 Explain how the brain processes emotions.
‹#›
Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
5
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter Objectives (4 of 4)
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
08.14 Describe the major theories of emotion and identify the major theorists.
08.15 Define emotional intelligence and evaluate its reliability.
08.16 Describe the polygraph technique and evaluate its reliability.
08.17 Apply techniques of anger management for controlling anger.
‹#›
Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Module 8.1
Motivation: The “Whys” of Behavior
Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Biological Sources of Motivation (1 of 4)
Motivation refers to factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior.
Motives are the “whys” of behavior – the needs or wants that drive goal-directed behavior.
We infer motives from behavior, as we cannot directly observe them.
Instinct theory proposes that behavior is motivated by instincts.
Instinctive behaviors are genetically programmed, innate patterns of response that are specific to members of a particular species.
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Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Biological Sources of Motivation (2 of 4)
Examples of instinctive behavior in other species include:
Chicks open their mouths wide when the mother returns to the nest.
A kangaroo rat performs an escape jump when it hears the sound of a striking rattlesnake.
Do instincts motivate human behavior?
Sigmund Freud, William James, and William McDougall all believed that aspects of human behavior were motivated by physical and mental instincts.
However, psychologists today recognize that human behavior is much more variable and flexible than would be if it were determined by instinct.
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Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Biological Sources of Motivation (3 of 4)
By the early 1950s, drive theory replaced instinct theory as the major model of human motivation.
Drive theory posits that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological needs that demand satisfaction. Drive theory is based on the principles of homeostasis, the tendency of the body to maintain a steady internal state.
A need is a state of deprivation or deficiency.
A drive is a state of bodily tension, such as hunger or thirst, that arises from an unmet need.
The satisfaction of a drive is called drive reduction.
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Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Biological Sources of Motivation (4 of 4)
Harry Harlow’s research suggested that humans and many other animals have innate, biologically based needs for exploration and activity.
He termed these internal states stimulus motives.
Arousal theory proposes that whenever the level of stimulation dips below an organism’s optimal level, the organism seeks ways of increasing it.
The optimal level of arousal varies from person to person.
Some people need to engage in highly stimulating activities, such as bungee jumping and snowboarding, while others prefer to read a book or work in the garden.
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Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Psychological Sources of Motivation (1 of 3)
According to incentive theory, out attraction to particular goals or objects motivates much of our behavior. In contrast with drive theory, incentive theory proposes that incentives motivate us by pulling us toward them.
Incentives are rewards or other stimuli that motivate us to act.
The strength of the ”pull” that a goal or reward exerts on our behavior is its incentive value.
Cultural influences play a large role in determining incentive values.
Some cultures place emphasis on individual achievement; others place emphasis on meeting obligations to one’s family.
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Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Psychological Sources of Motivation (2 of 3)
Psychosocial needs reflect interpersonal aspects of motivation, such as the need for friendship or achievement.
One of the most widely studied psychosocial needs is the need for achievement. Achievement motivation develops early in life and is strongly influenced by parents.
The need for achievement is driven by extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, or a combination of both.
Extrinsic motivation refers to the desire for external rewards, such as money.
Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire for internal gratification, such as self-satisfaction upon reaching a goal.
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Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Psychological Sources of Motivation (3 of 3)
In achievement situations, we may be pulled in opposite directions by achievement motivation (desire to achieve success) and avoidance motivation (the desire to avoid failure).
Achievement motivation leads us to undertake challenges that run the risk of failure but may also lead to success.
Avoidance motivation may reduce the chance of failure, but at the cost of limiting the likelihood of success.
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Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Discussion Activity 1
Which theory of motivation best explains why students work hard to receive good grades? Why?
What motivates you to attend classes, study, and try to perform well in your courses?
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Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Think-Pair-Share Activity 1
Students pair up and answer the following questions:
When are extrinsic rewards effective? Provide examples from your life.
When are intrinsic rewards likely to be effective? Provide examples from your life.
Do you think you are more driven by extrinsic motivation or intrinsic motivation?
Student pairs should then share their answers with the class.
‹#›
Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Hierarchy of Needs (1 of 3)
Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed a model of motivation that is called the hierarchy of needs. This model proposes that there is an order to human needs, which starts with basic biological needs and progresses to self-actualization.
Maslow’s hierarchy of basic needs consists of five levels:
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Love and belongingness needs
Esteem needs
The need for self-actualization
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Nevid, Essentials of Psychology, 6th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Hierarchy of Needs (2 of 3)
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