College Pal
Connecting to a pal for your paper
  • Home
  • Place Order
  • My Account
    • Register
    • Login
  • Confidentiality Policy
  • Samples
  • How It Works
  • Guarantees

Sms or Whatsapp only : US:+12403895520

 

email: [email protected]
November 18, 2024

Find and read a recent article about the use of some form of biotechnology. You will report on the article by giving a link to the article, summarizing the

Biology

Q1. find and read a recent article about the use of some form of biotechnology. You will report on the article by giving a link to the article, summarizing the article, explaining the biotechnology used, and defining the pros and cons of the biotechnology.

      

Please use this grading rubric as a guide to answer question 1.

  • Does the summary explain the purpose, what was studied, and why it is important? Is it in your own words?
  • Does the explanation describe the biotechnology, how it works, and is it easy to understand?
  • Are the benefits and challenges described with examples from the article?

Q2. Filling out Punnett squares on Lab data sheet.

  • attachment

    Screenshot2024-11-17004730LabASN.png

  • attachment

    BIO106MendelianGeneticsLabJB.docx

  • attachment

    BIO106MendelianGeneticsLabDataSheetJB.docx

Click "Download" in the upper right, save, and open in

MS Word (preferred) or Google Docs. This version is not editable.

LAB

8

The Patterns of Inheritance

BIO 106 Life Sciences

Brightpoint Community College

After completing this exercise, you will be able to:

· Define the following terms: homozygous and heterozygous, dominant and recessive alleles, genotype, and phenotype.

· Derive the possible alleles in each gamete of a diploid organism.

· Calculate phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio using Punnett squares.

· Predict the effect of incomplete dominance and codominance on inheritance.

· Describe how phenotype is determined by genotype.

Checklist of Materials to Gather Before Starting Lab

· Computer with Internet Connection

· Colored pens or markers for drawing by hand

· Paper (if you do not have a printer)

INITIAL KNOWLEDGE CHECK

Indicate your level of knowledge for the following terms by putting an “x” in the box that best describes your understanding of the terms in Table 2-1.

· Unfamiliar: Indicates no knowledge or awareness of the term.

· Basic Understanding: Suggests a basic, surface-level understanding of the term's meaning.

· Proficient: Implies a solid grasp and ability to use the term correctly in context.

· Expert: Signifies a deep, comprehensive understanding and ability to apply the term in various complex situations.

LAB DATA QUESTION 1. Table 8-1: Assess your understanding of the concepts.

Term

Unfamiliar

Somewhat Familiar

Proficient

Expert

Gene

Allele

Genotype

Phenotype

Complete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Codominance

INTRODUCTION

Mendelian genetics was first investigated by Gregor Mendel, a Moravian monk, in the 1800s. Mendel's groundbreaking research on inheritance utilized the garden pea, Pisum sativum, a species that typically self-fertilizes, with pollen from a flower fertilizing the eggs within the same flower. Given that each pea plant possesses both male and female reproductive structures, it can produce both types of gametes necessary for reproduction—pollen and eggs. 

The plants Mendel used for his initial crosses were referred to as the P (parental) generation. He then planted the seeds obtained from these crosses, growing them to become the first filial (F1) generation, meaning the first generation of offspring. After observing the traits in the F1 generation, Mendel allowed them to self-pollinate. The seeds from this generation were used to grow the second filial (F2) generation. The trait ratios observed in the P, F1, and F2 generations formed the foundation of his genetic principles. He derived two generalizations from these experiments, which later became known as Mendel's Principles of Heredity or Mendelian inheritance. Mendel discovered that when he crossed purebred white flower and purple flower pea plants (the parental or P generation), the offspring (known as the F1 generation) was purple-flowered. When he self-fertilized the F1 generation pea plants, he obtained a purple flower to white flower ratio in the F2 generation of 3 to 1. Prior to Mendel's experiments, the prevailing belief was that offspring inherited traits through a blending of their parents' traits, for example a plant with red flowers crossed with a plant with white flowers would produce offspring with pink flowers. However, Mendel's cross-pollination experiments revealed that offspring of purebred plant varieties resembled one parent or the other, rather than exhibiting a blend of traits from both parents. Mendel suggested that plants carried two copies of the flower-color trait, with each parent passing one of their two copies to their offspring, where they united.

For each biological trait, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent, which may be the same or different. Subsequently, Mendel introduced the concept of "factors," now referred to as genes, to explain hereditary traits. He identified these factors as the underlying cause for the inherited variations in traits. Each organism inherits two versions of a gene, known as alleles, one from each parent. These alleles can either be identical or distinct. Organisms with two identical alleles for a specific trait are termed homozygous, while those with differing alleles are termed heterozygous. Mendel hypothesized that allele pairs separate randomly during the meiosis (production of eggs and sperm). When sperm and egg unite at fertilization, each contributes its allele, restoring the paired condition in the offspring. This is called the Law of Segregation. Additionally, Mendel discovered that during gamete formation, each allele pair separates independently from every other allele pair. An individual's genotype consists of their unique genes, whereas their phenotype—the observable traits—is a combination of their alleles and environmental factors. When an individual inherits different alleles for a trait, this condition is termed heterozygosity. In such pairs, the dominant allele dictates the organism's appearance, overshadowing the effect of the recessive allele, which does not alter the phenotype if a dominant allele is present. The Law of Dominance explains this interaction by looking at how genotypes show up as phenotypes. One example of this is how recessive traits only show up when there is no dominant allele present. This law does not address how traits are transmitted, but rather the expression of genes. The genotype of an individual is made up of the many alleles it possesses. The environment and an individual's alleles together determine their phenotype, or physical appearance. If the two alleles of an inherited pair differ (the heterozygous condition), one determines the organism's appearance and is called the dominant allele, while the other has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance and is called the recessive allele. The Law of Dominance, which hides the phenotypic effects of the recessive white flower allele, is not a transmission law but concerns the expression of the genotype.

Objectives

In this lab, you will explore how Mendel's principles of inheritance apply to the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. By examining different allele combinations, you'll gain insights into the genetic mechanisms that determine the phenotype. This hands-on approach will help solidify your understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships and the predictability of genetic inheritance patterns.

Mendel’s Monohybrid Cross

Mendel's monohybrid cross, which involved crossing pea plants that differed in only one trait, demonstrated the Principle of Segregation and the concept of dominant and recessive alleles. Specifically, Mendel crossed pea plants that were purebred for different traits, such as round seeds (dominant) and wrinkled seeds (recessive). In the first filial generation (F1), all the offspring exhibited the dominant trait, indicating that it masked the expression of the recessive trait. However, in the second filial generation (F2), the recessive trait reappeared in a ratio of approximately 3:1 (Figure 8.1). This ratio demonstrated that traits segregate independently during gamete formation, with each parent contributing one allele for each trait to their offspring, and that dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles when present. This experiment laid the foundation for understanding the inheritance of traits and formed the basis for our modern understanding of genetics and heredity.

Setting up a Monohybrid Cross

You have two choices for learning how to complete a monohybrid cross. If you prefer a video, then watch Monohybrids and the Punnett Square Guinea Pigs. If you prefer step by step directions, continue reading below.

Step by Step Directions:

To demonstrate how to set up a monohybrid cross, we will use seed color in pea plants, denoting the dominant gene for yellow seeds as "Y" and the recessive gene for green seeds as "y". Crossing a true-breeding pea plant that produces yellow seeds with a true-breeding pea plant that makes green seeds allows us to predict the genotypes in their offspring. When true beeding organisms are crossed, all offspring will have the same phenotype as the parents. This means that both alleles are the same in the true breeding plants are the same, so the genotype is (YY) or (yy).

1) Identify the genotypes in the Parental (P) generation (Figure 8.1):

Yellow True breeding Genotype: YY,

This illustration shows a monohybrid cross. In the P generation, one parent has a dominant yellow phenotype and the genotype YY, and the other parent has the recessive green phenotype and the genotype yy. Each parent produces one kind of gamete, resulting in an F_{1} generation with a dominant yellow phenotype and the genotype Yy. Self-pollination of the F_{1} generation results in an F_{2} generation with a 3 to 1 ratio of yellow to green peas. One out of three of the yellow pea plants has a dominant genotype of YY, and 2 out of 3 have the heterozygous phenotype Yy. The homozygous recessive plant has the green phenotype and the genotype yy.

Figure 8.1 Mendel’s Monohybrid Cross.

In the P generation, pea plants that are true breeding for the dominant yellow phenotype are crossed with plants with the recessive green phenotype. This cross produces F1 heterozygotes with a yellow phenotype. Punnett square analysis can be used to predict the genotypes of the F2 generation.

Green True breeding Genotype: yy

2) Determine the gametes produced by each parent (P generation):

Yellow Gametes: Y Female Gametes: y

3) Cross the P1 generation (parents) to produce the F1 generation (children). Refer to Figure 8.1

Draw a 1 x 1 grid, one row and one column for each gamete.

Punnett Square F1 Generation

Y

Y

Yy

yellow

Capital letters always go first and write in the phenotype.

Use the Punnett square to determine the expected genotypic ratios of the offspring.

1Yy

Use the Punnett square to determine the phenotypic ratio for the offspring.

1 yellow

Cross the F1 generation (children) to produce the F2 generation (grandchildren) Refer to Figure 8.1.

4) Identify the genotypes in the F2 generation

Male Plant: Yy, Female Plant: Yy Gametes are not separated by commas

5) Determine the gametes produced by each F1 parent.

Male Gametes: Y, y Female Gametes: Y,y Each gamete is separated by a comma.

(CONTINUE TO NEXT PAGE)

6) Cross the F1 generation (children) to produce the F2 generation (grandchildren). Refer to Figure 8.1

a. Draw a 2 x 2 grid, one row and one column for each gamete.

Punnett Square F2 Generation

Y

y

Y

YY

yellow

Yy

yellow

y

Yy

yellow

yy

green

b. Capital letters always go first

c. Write in the phenotype.

d. Warning: Auto capitalization sometimes changes “yy” to “Yy”. Double check or turn it off.

7) Use the Punnett square to determine the expected genotypic ratios of the offspring.

1YY: 2Yy: 1Yy

8) Use the Punnett square to determine the phenotypic ratio for the offspring.

3 yellow: 1 green

· Ratios represent the chance that offspring will be born with these phenotypes. For example, there is a 75% chance that the offspring will have the YY phenotype and 75% chance they will be green plants. The actual results may vary since this is a prediction.

· Ratios must always be simplified. For example, a ratio of 4:2 can be divided by 2 and simplified to 2:1.

Problem 1: Round seeds (R) are completely dominant over wrinkled seeds (r). You cross a plant that is homozygous for round seeds (male) with a plant that is heterozygous for round seeds (female). This example has been filled in for you.

QUESTION 1. Male Plant Genotype _____ Female Plant Genotype _____

QUESTION 2. Male plant Gametes _____

QUESTION 3. Female Plant Gametes _____

Write down the phenotypes as you complete the problem

Punnett Square

QUESTION 4. Use the Punnett square to determine the expected genotypic ratios of the offspring.

QUESTION 5. Use the Punnett square to determine the phenotypic ratio for the offspring.

Problem 2: Green pods (G) are completely dominant over yellow pods (g). You cross a plant that is heterozygous green pods (male) with another plant that has homozygous for yellow pods.

QUESTION 6. Male Plant Genotype _____ Female Plant Genotype ______

QUESTION 7. Male plant Gametes _____

QUESTION 8. Female Plant Gametes ______

Write down the phenotypes in the Punnett square as you complete the problem

Punnett Square

QUESTION 9. Use the Punnett square to determine the expected genotypic ratios of the offspring.

QUESTION 10. Use the Punnett square to determine the phenotypic ratio for the offspring.

Problem 3: Inflated pods (I) are completely dominant over constricted pods (i). You cross two heterozygous (one male and one female) pea plants.

QUESTION 11. Male Plant Genotype _____ Female Plant Genotype ______

QUESTION 12. Male plant Gametes _____

QUESTION 13. Female Plant Gametes ______

Write down the phenotypes in the Punnett square as you complete the problem

Punnett Square

QUESTION 14. Use the Punnett square to determine the expected genotypic ratios of the offspring.

QUESTION 15. Use the Punnett square to determine the phenotypic ratio for the offspring.

Problem 4: Round seeds (R) are completely dominant over wrinkled seeds (r). If a male pea plant is heterozygous for round seeds, can any of this plant’s offspring have round seeds? Wrinkled seeds? Think about the different genotypes (females) with which you can cross the heterozygous parent: homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive.

QUESTION 16. What is the genotype of the male plant? ____

QUESTION 17. Unknown female plant, list the three possible genotypes:

____, ____, ____

· Use the same “Dad” but use a different “Mom” for each cross.

· Write down the phenotypes as you complete each square

Punnett Square

Punnett Square

Punnett Square

QUESTION 18. Look at the three Punnett squares. Which female genotype(s) will only give you round seeds when crossed to a heterozygote?

Female genotype:

QUESTION 19. Look at the three Punnett squares. Which female genotype(s) will give you wrinkled seeds when crossed to a heterozygote?

Female genotype:

QUESTION 20. Look at the three Punnett squares. What is the genotypic ratio for the offspring when both plants are heterozygous for round seeds?

Genotype ratio:

Problem 5: Yellow seeds (G) are completely dominant over green seeds (g). You cross two pea plants (male and female) that are heterozygous for green seeds.

QUESTION 21. Male Plant Genotype _____ Female Plant Genotype ______

QUESTION 22. Male plant Gametes_____ Female Plant Gametes ______

Write down the phenotypes in the Punnett square as you complete the problem

Collepals.com Plagiarism Free Papers

Are you looking for custom essay writing service or even dissertation writing services? Just request for our write my paper service, and we'll match you with the best essay writer in your subject! With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.

Get ZERO PLAGIARISM, HUMAN WRITTEN ESSAYS

Why Hire Collepals.com writers to do your paper?

Quality- We are experienced and have access to ample research materials.

We write plagiarism Free Content

Confidential- We never share or sell your personal information to third parties.

Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.

Describe how you would conduct a training needs assessment based on the scenario. Would it be reactive or proactive? Why? Define the p For each of the specific UDL goals outlined below, identify how being able to use the strategies listed under each domain would enable you to move your stu

Related Posts

Biology

Should there be more of a focus on high school students selecting a career path while they are still in high school? Will this help them later on in lif

Your manager could not be happier with the help you’ve provided to all of those departments requesting Excel assistance within?the resort. He is n

Biology

Your manager could not be happier with the help you’ve provided to all of those departments requesting Excel assistance within?the resort. He is n

Biology

Reflect on your experiences and articulate the connection between them and how they have contributed to your ability to articulate how co-curricular in

Why Choose Us

Best Essay Writing Services- Get Quality Homework Essay Paper at Discounted Prices

At the risk of sounding immodest, we must point out that we have an elite team of writers. Ours isn’t a collection of individuals who are good at searching for information on the Internet and then conveniently re-writing the information obtained to barely beat Plagiarism Software. Who can’t do that?

Our writers have strong academic backgrounds with regards to their areas of writing. A paper on History will only be handled by a writer who is trained in that field. A paper on health care can only be dealt with by a writer qualified on matters health care. Thesis papers will only be handled by Masters’ Degree holders while Dissertations will strictly be handled by PhD holders. With such a system, you needn’t worry about the quality of work. Quality isn’t just an option, it is the only option. We don’t just employ writers, we hire professionals.

We have writers spread into all fields including but not limited to Philosophy, Economics, Business, Medicine, Nursing, Education, Technology, Tourism and Travels, Leadership, History, Poverty, Marketing, Climate Change, Social Justice, Chemistry, Mathematics, Literature, Accounting and Political Science.

Our writers are also well trained to follow client instructions as well adhere to various writing conventional writing structures as per the demand of specific articles.

They are also well versed with citation styles such as APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and Oxford which come handy during the preparation of academic papers.

They also have unrivalled skill in writing language be it UK English or USA English considering that they are native English speakers. You also needn’t worry about logical flow of thought, sentence structure as well as proper use of phrases.

Our writers are also not the kind to decorate articles with unnecessary filler words. We respect your money and most importantly your trust in us. In writing, we will be precise and to the point and fill the paper with content as opposed to words aimed at beating the word count.

Our shift-system also ensures that you get fresh writers each time you send a job. This helps overcome occupational hazards brought about by fatigue. Hence, quality will consistently be at the top.

From our writers, you expect; good quality work, friendly service, timely deliveries, and adherence to client’s demands and specifications.

Once you’ve submitted your writing requests, you can go take a stroll while waiting for our all-star team of writers and editors to submit top quality work.

How Our Website Works

Get an Essay from Us

College Essays is the biggest affiliate and testbank for WriteDen. We hire writers from all over the world with an aim to give the best essays to our clients.

Our writers will help you write all your homework. They will write your papers from scratch. We also have a team of editors who read each paper from our writers just to make sure all papers are of HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE.

Step 1
To make an Order you only need to click ORDER NOW and we will direct you to our Order Page. Then fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline. Deadline range from 6 hours to 30 days.

Step 2
Once done with writing your paper we will upload it to your account on our website and also forward a copy to your email.

Step 3
Upon receiving your paper, review it and if any changes are needed contact us immediately. We offer unlimited revisions at no extra cost.

Is it Safe to use our services?
We never resell papers on this site. Meaning after your purchase you will get an original copy of your assignment and you have all the rights to use the paper.

Pricing and Discounts
Our price ranges from $8-$14 per page. If you are short of Budget, contact our Live Support for a Discount Code. All new clients are eligible for 20% off in their first Order. Our payment method is safe and secure.
Please note we do not have prewritten answers. We need some time to prepare a perfect essay for you.

Recent Posts

  • Apply ethical decision making to a true-to-life scenario in social work practice
  • Are there factors other than interest rate charged for a loan that the finance manager should consider in predicting future car sales?
  • Advanced Practice Nursing: Clinical Decision-Making and Leadership Essay
  • Propose a new marketing plan for an existing product offered by the company
  • Compose a proposal convincing your administration of the benefits of the conference
College Pal

All Rights Reserved Terms and Conditions
College pals.com Privacy Policy 2010-2018

Punnett Square