URL 1: From Chapter 3: Phrenology was a wildly popular but untrue scientific theory.? Find another popular but untrue scientific theory. URL 2: From Chapter

“Use these two URL to complete the assignment Each Part should be 150 words minimum. I have also attached an example of a URL and the rubric down below are instructions for the assignments on the main page where I posted the actual assignment. Please let me know if you have any questions”

URL 1: From Chapter 3: Phrenology was a wildly popular but untrue scientific theory.  Find another popular but untrue scientific theory.

URL 2: From Chapter 4: The Wundtian school and the Wurzburg school had their day in the sun but were mostly forgotten until the artificial intelligence folks came along. For the second URL, explore the link between psych and the AI computer folks.

https://www.edseed.me/2021/10/23/artificial-intelligence-in-psychology-134/?gad_source=1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMItL-Jk8G7iAMVfDHUAR2y-TRuEAAYAyAAEgLtePD_BwE

URL Assignment Instructions

Directions for submitting URLs (uniform resource locator) 1. For seven weeks in the term, I will post the URL assignment for the week. Please submit the number of URLs listed in the schedule and a write-up for each URL (example below). YOUR DESCRIPTION OF EACH URL PART MUST BE A MINIMUM OF 150 WORDS. This means that the first URL you find and describe must be 150 words and the second URL you find and describe must be 150 words. Combined, the entire URL assignment will be 300 words. 2. The web pages you find should be relevant to the chapter topics and rather than a rehash of the chapter material, they should add NEW information to the material. 3. NO WIKIPEDIA – that is a blog! 4. Do NOT send the first couple of URLs that come up on Google. I am the king of Google! I have the crown, the scepter, the whole works. I will ding you if your URLs keep coming up as the first couple of Google items. Do some actual work here. 5. THIS IS IMPORTANT: Make sure you embed the URL into the text so that it is a hyperlink. That means that I can click right on it and go to the site. If I cannot do that, then I cannot grade it. To make it clickable in MOST e-mail systems: cut and paste in the whole address and then hit 'ENTER'. That should turn it blue, which means it is a clickable link. 6. What I am looking for are critical thinking and synthesis of the new material with your knowledge from notes/text, a little basic analysis. Google 'Bloom's Taxonomy'–this is a senior level class, so I would expect more than just regurgitation of what you read–I would expect some analysis and evaluation as well. ——————————————————– SUBMITTING THE ASSIGNMENT: 1. Upload your URL into the appropriate assignment folder on Moodle. 2. Make sure you upload both URLs into the Moodle file. EACH URL ASSIGNMENT HAS TWO TOPICS. Answer both questions. Again, you must use your NSULA email account; otherwise, I will not receive it. 3. Check your course calendar or the Instructor's Administration Sheet for the specific dates and times URL assignments are due. Feel free to turn your URL assignment in early. Example of a URL and full point write up. URL #1: http://www.enoughinfoaboutLocketochokeahorse.com     This website gave a detailed description of Locke's life and times, focusing on the political upheavals, including the overthrow of James II and the bloody persecutions and massacres by the Puritans when they took over England. These experiences, along with Locke's forced exile to Holland for his political views, heavily influenced his theories–which in turn heavily influenced our founding fathers. For example, the massacres in the name of the state religion caused him to believe in freedom from religion, which shows up today in our American Bill of Rights (Amendment #1). His own experiences under different kings and under Cromwell's Puritans led to his belief in the legitimacy of revolution against tyrannical rulers–which shows up in our Declaration of Independence. Could Locke have formulated these concepts if he had lived in other times? Probably not. Locke is a notable example of 'the times make the man.'

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Grading Rubric for URL Assignments—

Name:_______________________________________________ URL Assignment # __________

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One of your fellow student’s URL submission (identifying info removed).

URL # 1: http://www.thecolourworks.com/pdfs/Hippocrates%20the%20Four%20Humours%202.pdf and http://www.durenmar.de/articles/medicine.html

I have chosen to examine articles from two different sites to provide another example of popular but untrue scientific theory. The two articles, “Hippocrates, Galen & The Four Humours ” from the Colour Works company, specializing aptly in “transforming performance in individuals, teams and organizations”, and “The Mediaeval concept of Medicine” by Mard D. F. Shirley. The particular once popular theory, the “four humours” theory was “adopted by Greek, Roman and Islamic physicians, and became the most commonly held view of the human body among European physicians until the advent of modern medical research in the 19th century. A concept whose maturity, while not new at the time, could be attributed to Hippocrates and Galen, postulated the view of the human body and particularly human illness as representative of an imbalance of four key “humours” or bodily fluids; blood, phlegm, choler and melancholy. While Hippocrates felt that an overabundance of either of these fluids constituted to genesis for illness Galen added that an inadequate amount of any one of these bodily fluids could equally cause illness.

Why should such a notion become popular, and why did it arise in the times of these men, and was supported and became the foundation for the practice of medicine for many years? One of the great attributing factors is possibly the mystical era with which these men grew up and the magical thinking of their era that I am sure came in conflict with observation and examination. In an area where many cowed at the mysterious actions of invisible gods, the rational approach and explanations offered by men like Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen, echoed the needs of many who possibly did not have the courage to voice their need. While modern scientific research has proven the error of their humoral theory, it has nonetheless helped lay the foundation for the very growth and scientific approach to the study of the body and treatment of its illness. Their audacity laid the groundwork for modern day physiology, pharmacology and even the study of personality in psychology. The personality types associated with the humour theories of Hippocrates and Galen; sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic, remain as personality descriptors until this day.

FEEDBACK: On URL 1, you nailed the context. If not for the rationalistic philosophy of the times, the four humors idea wouldn't have happened. 5 pts.

URL #2: http://www.ucd.ie/philosophy/staff/gerardcasey/casey/CompMeta.pdf

In an effort to explore the relationship between psychology and the science of artificial intelligence I will be examining the article, “The Computational Metaphor and Cognitive Psychology, Casey and Moran 2009. The authors attempt to expound upon “growth of research interest in the mind,” particularly from the perspective of the “mind as a computational system,” which of course draws the inevitable parallel to the research and applications centered on artificial intelligence. The authors develop their assertions by first describing cognitive psychology, a psychological specialty which s the branch of psychology that focuses predominately all the facet’s that comprises the mind; how it works, as well as cognitive science which is the study of how information and generally ways to articulate a schema of “knowledge representation.” They point out that this is an “interdisciplinary movement including cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence, linguistics, neuropsychology and the philosophy of the mind.” Examining the “information approach to cognition” or how the mind works naturally leads to the discussion of artificial intelligence and their elucidation on its genesis and import, which at its most basic is an attempt to understand how the mind works through artificial constructs.

It is this aspect of the artificial intelligence movement, attempting to understand what comprises intelligence and examining the processes involved in its construct that links it, to some degree, to psychology and especially those areas of psychology that are most concerned with the mind; how it works; what are those facets that join the biological function of the brain with our ability to process information, draw conclusions from our experiences, develop language and elaborate constructs to explain the world around us. The authors of this paper examine what they believe forms this relationship, particularly the greater opportunity the theory and “computational” processes behind artificial intelligence offers psychologists to develop experimental constructs that may better illuminate cognition. The draw detailed analysis of the “computational metaphor” which infers that the action of the mind is akin to how computers “store and transform symbolic information. Regardless the absolute accuracy of this metaphor which the explore, it is unmistakable that the growth of computer technology and its ability to store, process and provide feedback from gigantic stores of information and other practical applications of computing technology has provided broad theoretical applications for experimental psychology akin to the Wundt era and his work to lift psychology to an independent academic discipline. AI’s effort to synthesize intelligence through artificial means, abetted by practical applications for aiding human endeavors, so that, relieved of the mundane, we might pursue Maslow’s highest human need, self actualization, stimulates both the pragmatic and academic of our psychology intelligentsia to delve into the study of the mind in brave new ways.

FEEDBACK: URL 2: Another good job. I would have wondered about the nature of consciousness, but otherwise good work. 5 pts.

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