Discuss the importance of integrating generic care and professional care practices, and the consequences of ignoring or neglecting generic care beliefs and pr

Integrating Generic and Professional Health Care Practices

Transcultural Nursing Transcultural nursing provides care through cultural values, beliefs, and practices. It is the nurse's responsibility to provide patient care based on their knowledge of cultural differences. Understanding the patient's culture and faith system can aid nurses in dealing with illness, suffering, and even death. Due to this training, nurses can achieve a deeper understanding and respect for the diversity in their patient load. The process also enhances a nurse's commitment to nursing, focusing on developing and maintaining relationships with patients rather than treating them as a collection of symptoms. Lastly, the nurse's ability to be open to non-traditional treatments, such as meditation and anointing, is enhanced by using cultural knowledge when treating a patient.

As a result of Leininger's theory, nurses can assess whether a patient's cultural background affects their health and use this knowledge to formulate nursing plans that will assist them in recovering quickly while remaining sensitive to their cultural background. Culture-congruent practice refers to nursing practices consistent with the consumers' and other stakeholders' values, beliefs, worldviews, and procedures.

1. Integrating Generic and Professional Health Care Practices Nurses are responsible for designing and implementing culturally sensitive practices and services to increase access, improve outcomes, and reduce disparities for diverse consumers. Demonstrating culturally sensitive nursing practice is considered part of nursing competence. The literature has demonstrated that culturally congruent practice positively correlates with healthcare providers' skills, behaviors, self-reported practices, and patient satisfaction. The culturally sensitive nursing practice involves many types of customers, healthcare delivery organizations, and nursing roles; consequently, the practice evaluation process can be simple or quite complex.

However, there are no comprehensive measures of cultural competence, so evaluating this aspect of nursing practice is difficult. There is a need for further research to develop these tools. An informal self-evaluation tool can be developed using the Standard eight list of competencies. As a result of Standard 8, culture-related care is given greater attention and specificity. The standard also outlines specific competencies for graduates of nursing programs, including APRNs, in addition to guiding nursing executives and policymakers (Marion et al., 2016).

Taking care of health care should help people of a particular culture maintain meaningful values and lifestyles for well-being, recovery from illness, or dealing with handicaps or dying. In addition to accommodations and negotiations, several actions and decisions can help people of cultural heritage achieve meaningful, beneficial, and congruent health outcomes. To achieve improved health outcomes, reorganizing and restructuring are intended to assist clients in reordering, to change, or modifying their lifeways while maintaining respect for their cultural patterns and beliefs. (Marion. et al., 2016).

Most cultures place a high value on family care. Wehbe-Alamah (2011) reported the results of her qualitative ethno-nursing study concerning Syrian Lebanese immigrants living in the midwestern United States. In her report, she discovered that culturally appropriate care is centered around the family through the three modes of the CCT. To Muslim religious beliefs, nurses must not press

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relatives of deceased Muslim patients to consent to organ donation or autopsy. Muslims consider their bodies a gift from God, and they are the trustees of that gift. To provide culturally congruent care to Syrian Muslims, nurses and other health care providers in an inpatient setting may wish to negotiate the number of visitors and the duration of their visits.

The Syrian American community values family, friends, and social support as essential caring practices, cultural practices, and social obligations(McFarland, 2017).

Integrative medicine:

Alternative medicine and complementary medicine are medical approaches that combine conventional and complementary medicine. Integrating the patient's mental, physical, and spiritual well-being is part of an integrated health approach.

Conventional medicine:

As part of this system, health professionals use drugs, radiation, or surgery to diagnose and treat diseases to treat them. It is used by many health professionals, including doctors, nurses, pharmacists, physician assistants, and therapists. Alternatively, allopathic medicine can be called biomedicine, Western medicine, mainstream medicine, or orthodox medicine. In addition to complementary and alternative medicine, some conventional medicine practitioners also practice it.

Standard medical care:

A wide range of healthcare professionals use this treatment for a particular disease, which is considered appropriate by medical experts. It may also be referred to as best practice, standard care, or standard therapy.

Complementary medicine:

In addition to standard medical treatment, this treatment is used in conjunction with it. However, it is not considered a standard treatment on its own. Cancer treatment may be improved with acupuncture by reducing some adverse effects. Most complementary therapies have received less research than conventional medicine.

Alternative medicine:

This treatment is used rather than standard medical treatment. There is an alternative to chemotherapy drugs prescribed by an oncologist when treating cancer with a special diet. The research on alternative medicine has been less extensive than conventional medicine (National Cancer Institute, 2022).

Often referred to as generic (folk or lay) care systems, indigenous (or traditional) folk (home) knowledge and skills are learned and transmitted culturally in the form of assistive, supportive, enabling, and facilitative acts that promote human well-being, health conditions (or well-being), handicaps, or death situations for an individual, group, or institution that is clearly in need of such assistance (Gonzalo, 2021).

Each culture has its own generic or folk healthcare practices, professional care practices vary across cultures, and in every culture, there will be cultural similarities and differences between care receivers (generic) and professional caregivers.

2. Transcultural Food Functions, Beliefs, and Practices. A person's identity can influence his or her food practices in various societies. Nevertheless, it has been chiefly examined from the perspective of maintaining cultural identity among migrant

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populations. A study of food and food practices must consider the interconnectedness of cultural, racial, and ethnic identities. They contribute to a deeper understanding of how individuals make food choices since they give researchers a better understanding of the factors influencing their decisions. D'Sylva & Beagan (2011) note that migrants in multicultural societies often preserve their ethnic identities through cooking and eating practices that are both symbolic and tangible. In communities where one's culture is not dominant, food practices have a special significance for preserving that culture (Reddy & Van Dam, 2020).

Even though food is an essential part of the human diet, it is viewed as more than just a necessity. Barthes believes that food plays a significant role in shaping our identities, cultures, and societies as multidimensional entities. We often use food to construct our identities, which is one of its most common functions. Scholars have examined how food influences identity and communication. As with food, different clothes, such as a doctor's white coat, a police officer's uniform, or an army uniform, convey different meanings. Cultures differ in their interpretation of the phrase. A trope cannot exist if the food does not convey meaning, such as tomato, basil, and mozzarella cheese, on a pizza that symbolizes the taste of Italy. In addition, food tropes are used in everyday life.

The interconnection between food and religion also enhances our lives. Religion plays an important role in some of the beliefs and practices associated with food. Muslims consider Ramadan worldwide to be the month in which God revealed the Quran, the Islamic holy book, to the Prophet Muhammad. The Muslim community observes a fast during this month of the year, eating and drinking only before dawn and after sunset. For Orthodox Jews and some conservative Jews, dietary laws are prescribed in the Jewish scriptures, commonly referred to as kosher diets. Dietary laws stipulate how animal foods should be used and prepared to maintain spiritual health. In Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism, non-violence is a fundamental principle that encourages vegetarianism. Traditionally, abstinence from eating meat is motivated by a desire to avoid harming other living things. Even though many people of the same religion follow religious food prescriptions, their dietary practices differ widely. This variation may be due to several factors, including different branches or denominations within a religious group, national differences, and the religious beliefs of an individual or family. Consequently, it can be concluded that food conveys the religious sentiments of the people, making them unique and possessing a distinct identity (Sibal, 2020).

Culture and religion are often closely related. As a result of their religious beliefs, several people refrain from eating certain foods or eating certain foods in certain combinations. Many people refuse to deviate from their religious eating habits when they are ill, especially when they are severely ill. This information must be readily available to the nurse when caring for the client. There may be occasions when the client orders or prepares food that requires special equipment or that must be prepared in advance under certain conditions. Hospital food may not be acceptable to some clients. Individuals or families may benefit from a dietary consultation and the right to bring all their food.

The vegetarian diet is primarily composed of plant foods, and several vegetarian diets are available. The choice of vegetarianism may be influenced by religious, ethnic, ecological, economic, philosophical, or ethical considerations. Health benefits should also be considered.

Vegetarianism is possible in the following ways:

1. Vegan diets do not include animal products (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, and dairy). 2. Lacto-vegetarians consume plant foods and dairy products (but do not consume eggs). 3. Those who follow the ovo-vegetarian diet consume plant foods and eggs (no dairy products).

Beliefs and practices associated with traditional religion and nutrition

Nurses need to know individual religious, cultural, and ethnic beliefs may differ from those of specific groups.

Jewish

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Due to differences in interpretation, Jews observe dietary laws differently. There is a consensus that reform Jews observe the general dietary law minimally. Conservative Jews are permitted to follow nutritional laws exclusively at home. The dietary laws of Orthodox Judaism strictly adhere to the following requirements for maintaining kosher standards:

1. Separate dishes, pans, and silverware are used for preparing and serving meat and dairy foods. 2. The consumption of meat and dairy products simultaneously is not recommended. 3. The front quarter is the only part of an animal that can be eaten after it has been slaughtered ritually. 4. Beef, veal, lamb, mutton, goat, venison, chicken, turkey, goose, and pheasant are not permitted to be consumed entirely. 5. It is prohibited to use products that contain pork, rabbit, shellfish, or scavenger fish. 6. Food must be prepared ahead of time for the Sabbath, which begins at sunset on Friday and ends at sunset on Saturday. 7. The fast is observed on certain days, but a rabbi may excuse older and ill clients.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon)

The Mormon religion does not consume caffeine-containing carbonated beverages or stimulants. Members of the congregation observe a fast offering each month, in which they give up two meals. Mormons must adhere to a strict health code and follow the Word of Wisdom to maintain good health and preserve their bodies. (Money saved is used to feed the poor.) To conserve resources, meat is consumed sparingly and only when it is in season.

Roman Catholic

Fasting and diet regulations are primarily voluntary. It is widespread practice among Catholics to abstain from eating meat on Fridays. Fasting and abstinence from meat are mandatory for everyone between the ages of 14 and 59 on Fridays during Lent. Fasting and abstinence are customary on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday (priests may exempt elderly or ill adults). A Catholic must refrain from eating or drinking for an hour before receiving Holy Communion (except for water).

Seventh Day Adventist

Veganism and vegetarianism are popular among Seventh-Day Adventists. As well as abstaining from stimulants (coffee, tobacco), they do not consume pork, shellfish, or alcohol. It is not recommended to snack between meals. As in the case of Christians, the Jewish custom of preparing food in advance for the Sabbath is like that of the Christians. The Sabbath is from sunset on Friday to sunset on Saturday.

Hindu

Hinduism holds all life forms to be sacred since they may be the reincarnation of ancestors. There is a large population of Lacto-ovo vegetarians among Hindus who avoid alcohol consumption. Chocolate, coffee, and tea are common drinks.

Islam (Muslim)

As with kosher laws of the Jewish faith, the dietary laws of Islam are similar. Fasting is customary among Muslims for one month every year, during which they abstain from eating until after sunset. Other healthy foods include honey, dates, milk, meat, seafood, and olive oil. Further, alcoholic beverages are not permitted, only tea.

Within these broad categories of vegetarianism, there are considerable variations in how far vegetarians refrain from eating animal products. For example, some individuals identify themselves as

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vegetarians simply because they do not consume red meat. Most vegetarians claim to be "primarily" Lacto-ovo vegetarians who consume meat every week to once a day.

Factors of social importance

People are more accustomed to eating with family and co-workers than eating alone. When an individual is admitted to a healthcare facility, he or she may find themselves alone in a room holding a dinner tray. As far as the type of food they are served is concerned, they may have little influence. The consumption of inadequate nutrients is common among people who are ill and lonely. The following guidelines can be followed to promote social interaction during meals:

1. It is advisable to spend a few minutes with the client. 2. Two clients should be able to eat together. 3. It is recommended that the curtain be opened in a double room. 4. Assist clients in meeting for meals by providing a shared lounge. 5. The idea of encouraging family members to visit during mealtimes is a particularly good one. 6. Turn on the television or radio. 7. A flower arrangement near the entrance is recommended.

Factors impacting emotions

An individual's emotional state significantly influences nutritional behavior and overall health. These factors may affect patients' eating habits in healthcare facilities. There is no doubt that food can be viewed as a reward. In some situations, clients may feel guilty about not eating all the food on their trays, or they may overeat to satisfy their hunger. It is common for clients who are sad, lonely, or depressed to overeat or refuse to consume food. They may also consume purees of specific foods considered "for babies.". Trust, comfort, security, and love are intricately linked to food and emotions from infancy. The father or mother promotes family bonds by holding an infant rather than placing him or her in a crib. A regular sit-down meal encourages consistent eating habits. An emotional eating disorder may also manifest itself in snacking. As a result of snacking, you will lose weight and suffer from poor nutritional status.

Myths and fallacies about food

The United States is home to numerous food fads, ranging from quick weight-loss plans to home remedies to cure any ailment. It is common for the claims made in connection with food fads to be at odds with scientific understandings of nutrition and health. Claims that exploit legitimate studies to capitalize on public interest are also possible. Either way, following food fads will result in financial waste. The failure to seek legitimate medical care and direct toxicity are other factors that can adversely affect health. Food fraud can be prevented most effectively by educating consumers. MyPlate Framework and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans provide excellent nutrition principles and advice. Nurses can use this information to help clients evaluate diet fads and quick weight loss schemes.

Context of the economy

Depending on a family’s financial situation, an individual may have different eating habits. There is an abundance of inexpensive food available to Americans. Affluent individuals more often frequent restaurants. Vegetables and fruits are consumed more frequently, although they also consume a more significant amount of fat due to their consumption of dairy products, meat, fish, and poultry. A diet rich in fat has been linked to heart disease, cancer, and other health problems. As income increases, egg, rice, and bean consumption decrease. There is a greater likelihood of someone skipping meals if they have a low income. Homeless people or people living on the streets may beg or search for food in the trash (Transcultural and Social Aspects of Nutrition, 2020).

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References

Gonzalo, A. (2021). Madeleine Leininger: Transcultural Nursing Theory. https://nurseslabs.com/madeleine-leininger-transcultural-nursing-theory/

Marion, L. et al.,( 2016) "Implementing the New ANA Standard 8: Culturally Congruent Practice" OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing Vol. 22 No. 1. https://ojin.nursingworld.org/table-of- contents/volume-22-2017/number-1-january-2017/articles-on-previously-published- topics/implementing-the-new-ana-standard-8-culturally-congruent-practice/

McFarland, M. (2017). Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality in Nursing Practice. https://nursekey.com/leiningers-theory-of-culture-care-diversity-and-universality-in-nursing- practice/

National Cancer Institute (2022). Complementary and Alternative Medicine. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam

Reddy, G., & Van Dam, R. (2020).Food, culture, and identity in multicultural societies: Insights from Singapore. Appetite, Volume 149,2020,104633,ISSN 0195- 6663, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104633 .

Sibal, V. (2020). Food: Identity of Culture and Religion, ResearchGate. https://www.wathi.org/food- identity-of-culture-and-religion-researchgate/

Transcultural and Social Aspects of Nutrition (2020). http://what-when-how.com/nursing/transcultural- and-social-aspects-of-nutrition-nutrition-and-diet-therapy-nursing-part-3/

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