Reply to Yodary Submission Instructions: formatted and cited in the current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources within 5 years. You should respond to your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. Your response should be at least 150 words.

Reply to Yodary

Submission Instructions:

formatted and cited in the current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources within 5 years.

You should respond to your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts.
Your response should be at least 150 words.
All replies must be constructive and use literature where possible.
Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders

Q1. DERMATITIS: DESCRIPTION, DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA, AND TREATMENT MODALITIES
Description: Dermatitis is a generic term mainly used to refer to a group of skin conditions that contain the characteristic inflammatory response of the skin, which manifests as skin redness, inflammation, and sometimes blistering and peeling. Kulthanan et al. (2021) state that dermatitis conditions include atopic dermatitis (eczema) contact dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis.

Diagnostic Criteria: In this case, the diagnosis involves a significant evaluation of the patient’s history and an examination. Below are the critical criteria:

Clinical Evaluation: Diagnosis mainly depends on demonstrating symptoms like erythema, edema, vesiculation, pruritus, and scaling (Kulthanan et al., 2021).
History: The patient’s history is very important as it also includes determining some of the most critical information, such as the Patient’s exposure to allergens or irritants, their family history of dermatitis, and even information on associated conditions like asthma or hay fever (that is, atopic dermatitis).
Patch Testing: In case of a suspected allergic contact dermatitis, then patch testing is done as it will assist in identifying or determining specific allergens.
Skin Biopsy: A skin biopsy is essential, as it can help rule out other skin conditions.
Treatment Modalities:

Atopic Dermatitis: This is treated with emollients, which aim to restore the skin barrier, topical corticosteroids for inflammation, and calcineurin inhibitors for moderate to severe cases.
Contact Dermatitis: Eliminating known allergens/irritants, topical glucocorticoids, and emollients such as calamine (Kulthanan et al., 2021).
Seborrheic Dermatitis: Application of the Antifungal shampoos (ketoconazole).
Q2. DRUG THERAPY FOR CONJUNCTIVITIS AND OTITIS MEDIA
Conjunctivitis:

Bacterial: This involves the use of broad-spectrum antibiotic eye drops, which are also referred to as ointments. That includes medications such as erythromycin or even ciprofloxacin.
Viral: In this case, supportive care with artificial tears and cold compresses is needed. Antihistamines can also be applied to assist in symptomatic relief (Principi & Esposito, 2020).
Allergic: To treat allergies, Antihistamines or mast cell stabilizer eye drops, such as olopatadine, are needed.
Otitis Media:

Acute Otitis Media (AOM): Amoxicillin is necessary as it is considered the first-line antibiotic. For penicillin-allergic patients, alternative medications such as cefuroxime are appropriate (Principi & Esposito, 2020).
Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion: Audiometry test or sometimes repeat tympanostomy tube insertion can be done for drainage; antibiotics are not prescribed.
Q3. HERPES VIRUS INFECTIONS: PATIENT PRESENTATION AND TREATMENT
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV):

Presentation: This disorder involves Painful, grouped vesicles on an erythematous base. Cole (2020) states that HSV-1 commonly or mainly affects the orofacial region. That is contrary to HSV-2, which majorly affects the human genital area.
Treatment: It is mainly treated with medications like acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir. Those are significant as they have proven effective in reducing the severity of the symptoms.
Herpes Zoster (Shingles):

Presentation: It is most clearly evidenced by a painful, unilateral vesicular rash, which is often preceded by pain or tingling.
Treatment: Effective treatment includes early administration of antivirals such as acyclovir or valacyclovir. They should be applied within 72 hours of rash onset as that will assist in reducing complications (Cole, 2020). For managing neuropathic pain, there is a need to take NSAIDs, opioids, or gabapentin.
Q4. COMMON PRIMARY BACTERIAL SKIN INFECTIONS AND TREATMENT OF CHOICE
Impetigo: this is a highly contagious, superficial bacterial infection. It is characterized chiefly by honey-colored crusts, which are mainly enhanced or caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Regarding its treatment, topical antibiotics such as mupirocin or oral antibiotics like dicloxacillin, cephalexin, or clindamycin are primarily prescribed for their widespread infection.
Cellulitis is an acute, diffuse, spreading infection of the human skin and other subcutaneous tissues. Streptococcus pyogenes is the leading cause. Depending on the severity of the disease, oral or intravenous antibiotics are mostly used or applied. Some of the commonly used include cephalexin, dicloxacillin, or clindamycin (Alexander et al., 2020).
Folliculitis mainly involves the infection of the human hair follicles caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It commonly gets treated through antibiotics such as mupirocin or clindamycin.
Refernces

Alexander, H., Paller, A. S., Traidl‐Hoffmann, C., Beck, L. A., De Benedetto, A., Dhar, S., … & Flohr, C. (2020). The role of bacterial skin infections in atopic dermatitis: expert statement and review from the International Eczema Council Skin Infection Group. British Journal of Dermatology, 182(6), 1331-1342.

Cole, S. (2020). Herpes simplex virus: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Nursing Clinics, 55(3), 337-345.

Kulthanan, K., Tuchinda, P., Nitiyarom, R., Chunharas, A., Chantaphakul, H., Aunhachoke, K., … & Noppakun, N. (2021). Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atopic dermatitis. Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology, 39(3), 145-155.

Principi, N., & Esposito, S. (2020). Unsolved problems and new medical approaches to otitis media. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 20(7), 741-749.

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