PowerPoint presentation 15 slides, not including a title and reference slide, with 200-word speaker notes for each slide and a table (details below). Attached

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Health Status and Economic Development

Unit 1 Individual Project

Carlene Baines

HSS 420

Professor Souad Chakib

June 26, 2024

Health Status and Economic Development

Healthcare as a broad concept occupies an extraordinary place in the development of human beings as it impacts the all-round welfare and productivity of people and societies. Around the world, a country's health status has direct consequences for its economic development (Raghupathi & Raghupathi, 2020). As a result, this paper seeks to examine the relationship between health status and economic development in low-income, middle-income, and high-income economies in terms of access to health care, quality of health care, and cost of health care. By exploring these elements, the paper seeks to establish the correlation between health and wealth. The differences in the economic environments show that gaps in the access and quality of healthcare pose risks to a country's or nation's prospects for growth, which stresses the importance of strong health policies for development.

The Relationship between health and economic status

Productivity and workforce participation

A healthy population is productive, which has a direct positive effect on a country's economic status (Raghupathi & Raghupathi, 2020). By missing work or working less efficiently, workers' health affects their work output. Where health indicators are better, workers will be more productive and efficient, making a more significant and influential contribution to the economy (Raghupathi & Raghupathi, 2020). In high-income countries, for instance, the prevalence of chronic diseases is lower due to the implementation of preventive measures that lower sickness incidence rates, leading to lower absenteeism and increased productivity.

Health care expenditures

Spending on health care is a significant factor that profoundly influences a country's overall economic system. Adopting precautionary healthcare interventions reduces the overall expenditure on treating chronic and acute illnesses (Raghupathi & Raghupathi, 2020). Any country that effectively manages health care expenditures can effectively channel more economic resources to other areas of the economy. Poor health, on the other hand, negatively affects spending by consuming a greater proportion of personal income on out-of-pocket spending, reducing savings and investment, which are essential for economic development (Raghupathi & Raghupathi, 2020). For instance, out-of-pocket spending for health has adverse effects, putting some households in low-income countries into poverty and worsening the position of their economy.

Human capital development

There is a strong relationship between health status and human capital development. Healthy children experience less absenteeism from school and rank higher, thus contributing to the development of a more capable workforce in the future (Ridhwan et al., 2022). People widely acknowledge education as one of the main factors contributing to economic growth and poor health, which are significant costs to learning. In this sense, increased longevity implies enhanced human capital because people can be productive for more years and acquire more skills and knowledge (Ridhwan et al., 2022). When it comes to middle-income countries, the quality of health has always been known to be proportional to education quality and future economic prospects.

Foreign investment and economic stability

When considering foreign investment, health care is critical because countries with improved systems attract more investment (Ridhwan et al., 2022). Employers look forward to stability in the health of their employees' health to be stable to run their businesses without much interference. Anticipated performance or a robust healthcare system is typically considered a sign of a well-run economy, thereby improving investor confidence. Furthermore, governments that fund Healthcare will likely have sound economic policies that will lead to growth and stability (Ridhwan et al., 2022). For example, MNCs seeking to set up operations in areas with sustainable, efficient, and healthy employees prefer developed nations with advanced healthcare systems.

Poverty reduction

It is widely known that poor health is part of a vicious cycle that perpetuates poverty. Individual sickness can lead to poverty because of the expenses involved in paying bills and income loss (Ridhwan et al., 2022). However, because of limited access to various healthcare needs, poverty leads to worsened health. This is where efficient health care systems can help change this cycle and develop quality, affordable care that will improve people's quality of life (Ridhwan et al., 2022). For example, in most middle-income countries, the enhancement of health insurance has made a dramatic difference in cutting out-of-pocket expenditure, freeing up cash for savings and future investment.

A Comparative Analysis of Health Care in Different Economic Settings

Access to medical care

Healthcare in low-income countries is challenging because there are few facilities and resources to support it. Lack of transport and geographical constraints hinder access to healthcare services among the rural populace. For instance, in many Sub-Saharan African countries, one of the significant barriers is the long distance between the patient and the health facility. In middle-income countries, access increases with economic development, but inequalities persist, especially between the urban and rural sectors (McMaughan et al., 2021). Governments allocate more resources to health care, but there needs to be complete coverage. For instance, the cities of Brazil and India boast highly developed healthcare systems, a fact not applicable to their rural areas. Developed countries especially have an improved and enhanced healthcare system (Moolla & Hiilamo, 2023). Health services' availability depends on a solid infrastructure that makes them accessible to almost everyone. For instance, Germany and Canada have well-developed healthcare systems that guarantee the population's healthcare access.

Quality of health care

Healthcare quality is not constant, but it varies depending on the level of economic development. However, quality is usually a challenge in low-income countries due to limited human resources, a limited supply of medical equipment, and poor physical facilities (McMaughan et al., 2021). Training courses and foreign aid are critical for improving quality. For instance, essential drugs and qualified personnel are scarce in most African rural health facilities. The quality of life in middle-income countries is mixed. There may be well-equipped hospitals in towns, while those in the villages may be poorly equipped (McMaughan et al., 2021). There is a need for constant development in healthcare education systems and facilities. For instance, the government is trying to close the quality divide between different regions in Mexico and Turkey. High-income countries typically possess advanced technologies and skilled personnel who deliver quality care (Moolla & Hiilamo, 2023). Regular maintenance of medical protocols and infrastructure ensures quality. Countries such as Japan and Sweden have sophisticated medical technologies and highly skilled doctors and nurses.

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Healthcare Systems: A Comparative Analysis of Canada, Germany, Japan, and the United States

Unit 1 Individual Project

Carlene Baines

HSS 420

Professor Souad Chakib

June 26, 2024

Healthcare Systems: A Comparative Analysis of Canada, Germany, Japan, and the United States

Healthcare is essential to any country’s development, and healthcare systems vary dramatically worldwide. This dependent variable paper analyzes the quality, cost, and availability of medical services in the US and contrasts them with those of Canada, Germany, and Japan. Further, it explores how WHO (World Health Organization) helps countries respond to health emergencies.

Quality of Care

The United States is renowned for its advanced medical technology, world-class research institutions, and highly skilled healthcare professionals. In the medical sciences, it bears the highest number of inventions proven in American hospitals and research facilities (Ngwa et al., 2021). It demonstrated some of the highest survival rates for certain cancers and performed well in intricate surgery. Thus, the quality of care remains low in some of these areas despite the increasing patient traffic. Despite spending much on health, the US has a lower health status than it should have. This could have happened if it had compared its health to that of other nations.

Canada has the “Medicare” system, where citizens and permanent residents are eligible for coverage. Accessibility is average, but the quality of care offered is good, with significant importance given to promoting prevention and primary care services (Marchildon et al., 2020). So, according to the criteria above for life expectancy and infant mortality, Canada does slightly better than the USA. However, some evident issues with implementing the Bismarck Model include increased wait times for elective procedures and specialist consultations, as well as the absence of some advanced medical technologies due to cost cuts.

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention fact sheet shows that Germany is among the leading countries in terms of an efficient and well-developed system of universal health coverage. In the United States, the study shows that Germany has lower mortality rates from various preventable diseases, reasonable control of chronic diseases, and more contact with medical doctors per population. The country implements enhanced prevention and health promotion measures, as well as extensive campaigns to raise awareness of several diseases and improve people's health status. Germany remains committed to medical research and development. While it may not offer specific procedures that are standard in the U.S., it spends a significant amount on medical research.

According to Ngami & Ventelou (2020), Japan's healthcare system is highly responsive, ranking among the highest for life expectancy and the lowest for infant mortality. It also reports improved health for the population, even at lower healthcare expenditures than in the United States, due to better preventive care, disease screening, and adequate access to technologically advanced medical technologies. However, the number of doctors in Japan's rural areas poses certain challenges, with some of them grappling with a scarcity of professionals in this field or extended work hours.

Cost of Health Care

America spends an enormous amount of money on facilities and services, which is far more than any other developed country. In 2020, healthcare expenditures in the United States were $4 trillion (Rama, 2020). According to the World Bank, this amounts to $1 trillion, or $12,530 per person, which is 19% higher than in 1990, when the proportion of the population living on less than $1 per day was 1. Representing 7% of the nation’s gross domestic product, the funds contribute to healthcare and welfare reform efforts nationwide. However, the annual cost indicates that a significant number of Americans lack insurance or have inadequate coverage, leading to financial difficulties when faced with medical bills.

This inclusive healthcare system in Canada encompasses several components, including the following: Despite being a publicly funded model of the Canadian medical system, it still covers everyone and spends roughly $11; COVID-19-related expenditures will be 5% of the country's GDP in 2020 (WHO, 2022). The cost to individuals is way cheaper, owing to the primary medical treatment that government-funded insurance usually covers. Canadians pay for their health care directly through taxes, with no additional expenses left unreimbursed. However, the health care plans did not include certain services, like prescription drugs and dental care.

Germany has a multi-payer system that includes both statutory and private health insurance organizations, and it spent approximately 11.1% of its total gross domestic product on health in 2020 (Blümel et al., 2020). Both the parent employer and the employees contribute to health care insurance, which is mandatory and paid according to income level. Yearly deductibles also limit some costs by spreading the costs of medication and other services more evenly, preventing people with low incomes from feeling overwhelmed by their healthcare costs.

On their part, Japan can deliver a high standard of care at a comparatively lower price since it spent about 11% of its GDP on health care in 2020. The current health insurance system covers every citizen, and the premium that patients contribute is income-based. Patients must contribute 30% of the hospital bill, up to the monthly premiums (Fukawa, 2023). Summary: The government enforces price restraints regulating medical services, as well as medicines and other drugs, to ensure prices remain affordable.

Access to medical care

The American people wait. The social organization of health in the United States has long reflected individuals' insurance status and financial resources. In this position paper, I describe the uninsured as those who know they have health insurance but cannot afford it or those who cannot due to the Affordable Care Act.

Due to socioeconomic status and geographic location, the system frequently denies people fair access, and as Cooper et al. (2010) point out, high expenses may be another obstacle to health care. However, compared to patients in other nations, Americans wait shorter to see specialists or have elective surgeries performed. The Canadian government guarantees that all citizens, irrespective of age or other prerequisites, have access to these medical treatments. This implies that an MCO provides insurance-covered services at no cost to the insured, enhancing their access to healthcare regardless of their financial status. However, Canada still faces difficulties in providing healthcare to those living in remote areas, as well as lengthy waiting lists for some non-urgent operations and appointments with specialists.

Comparing Access

Unlike Canada, which has been implementing coverage for all its citizens, the U.S. system makes some people uninsured or underinsured. While costs remain relatively low in Canada, they can be a huge factor in the US, even for those with health insurance coverage, as the amount they must pay directly is often high in co-payments or high deductibles. Relatively, access to specialists and elective surgical services has a shorter waiting time in most of Canada. In CRI, there are some common issues related to access to primary care physicians, including insufficient coverage in rural and underserved regions. The United States might receive some new medications faster than others, while the drug formulary available through provincial plans can make many prescriptions cheaper for Canadians.

The World Health Organization's Role

WHO's duties are essential to global health, especially during continued outbreak control. In the COVID-19 outbreak, WHO was mainly involved in managing the growing public health crisis and directed vaccine and treatment research. It also informed countries about measures that could help prevent the spread of the virus and sent professionals and materials to the affected countries. The WHO acts in accordance with disease epidemics that may occur worldwide, such as the Ebola outbreak that occurred from 2014 to 2016 in the West African region. In conflict areas or regions affected by natural disasters, WHO provides necessary healthcare services or helps to maintain access to them, supports the work of moving clinics, supplies medications, and assists in training local healthcare specialists. Some countries cont

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