Journal Article Review: The Bible and the Christian Counselor

Journal Article Review 2

Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): The running head should be all capitalization. You had it correct in previous papers

Journal Article Review: The Bible and the Christian Counselor

Treylesia Alston

School of Behavioral Science, Liberty University

Author Note

Treylesia Alston

I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to

Treylesia Alston

Email: [email protected]

Abstract

This paper examines self-forgiveness using Hall and Fincham's (2005) article "Self-Forgiveness: The Stepchild of Forgiveness Research" and McMinn's (2012) Christian counseling work's biblical and theological viewpoints. The Hall and Fincham article define self-forgiveness as reducing negative self-directed emotions like self-punishment and fostering good ones like self-compassion after wrongdoing. Self-forgiveness is conditional and requires continuing self-reconciliation and reparative activities, distinguishing it from interpersonal forgiveness. Self-forgiveness may increase empathy and interpersonal forgiveness, according to the report. The paper discusses how this perspective coincides with self-compassion-focused therapy and connects personally. Applying these notions to "Samantha" guides her through a self-forgiveness process that combines Hall and Fincham's psychologically motivating adjustments with McMinn's scriptural teachings. This synthesis integrates psychological and theological views that self-forgiveness is essential to divine forgiveness, repentance, and reconciliation. Samantha learns from this comprehensive method that self-forgiveness improves mental health, self-respect, and relationships by enhancing empathy. The paper emphasizes self-forgiveness as an essential but understudied process that requires further investigation and shows how harmonizing psychological and biblical viewpoints can provide a holistic therapeutic approach to emotional healing and personal growth. Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Review writing here Also, this assignment was just a review of one journal article, not any part of the McMinn book Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): defines Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Treylesia, an abstract is not required. If you use one, please review the elements of an APA abstract.

Key Words: Self-forgiveness, Interpersonal forgiveness, Self-compassion, Biblical integration, Therapeutic process, Personal growth  

The Bible and The Christian Counselor

Summary

In their article "Self-Forgiveness: The Stepchild of Forgiveness Research," Julie H. Hall and Frank D. Fincham examine the overlooked subject of self-forgiveness in forgiveness research. Self-forgiveness is philosophically and experimentally unexplored, unlike interpersonal forgiveness (Hall & Fincham, 2005). A full conceptual investigation of self-forgiveness, including its definition, distinction between interpersonal forgiveness and faux self-forgiveness, and proper conditions, is intended to spark scholarly interest. They also propose a theoretical model of self-forgiveness's processes and factors, which provides a framework for future research. Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Since this is your first mention of the journal article, you need the citation here, not after the next sentence.

Hall and Fincham define self-forgiveness as lowering negative self-directed impulses like self-punishment and growing good ones like self-compassion after wrongdoing. This is different from interpersonal forgiveness when the victim forgives the abuser. Self-forgiveness is based on self-respect and self-love, which involves accepting one's worth regardless of actions. Philosophers like Holmgren (1998) and Dillon (2001) define self-forgiveness as restoring self-respect and goodwill by acknowledging a fault, overcoming negative feelings, and accepting oneself (Hall & Fincham, 2005). Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): You need to cite these as secondary sources

The authors note that self-forgiveness is conditional, unlike interpersonal forgiveness. For example, one might forgive oneself only if certain reparative actions are continuously taken. This conditionality is missing in unconditional interpersonal forgiveness, especially in Christianity. Hall and Fincham note that self-forgiveness requires self-reconciliation, but interpersonal forgiveness does not. A lack of self-forgiveness can lead to self-estrangement or self-harm. Thus, reconciliation is essential. Self-forgiveness is necessary for mental health because unpleasant thoughts and feelings about one's mistake are always there.

The article also compares self-forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness. Both involve objective wrongdoing and take time (Hall & Fincham, 2005). In contrast, self-forgiveness emphasizes internal motivations and self-reconciliation. Since the perpetrator (the self) is unavoidable, failing to forgive oneself can have worse effects than not forgiving others. While interpersonal forgiveness is frequently seen as a one-time act, self-forgiveness may require continuing maintenance, especially if the criteria of self-imposed forgiveness are breached, reviving self-destructive motives.

Hall and Fincham also address the temporal link between self-forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness, arguing that self-forgiveness may help people empathize with offenders. They provide theoretical reasoning and modest empirical evidence that self-forgiveness may improve other-forgiveness. They highlight that more empirical study is needed to discover whether self-forgiveness is necessary for real interpersonal forgiveness and vice versa. Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Need at least one in-text citation per paragraph

The article concludes by contrasting self-forgiveness with interpersonal forgiveness, highlighting the need for greater research to grasp their differences and similarities. The authors emphasize the need for a self-forgiveness theoretical framework that includes cognitive, emotional, social, and offence-related factors. It would bridge theoretical discourse with empirical research and provide practical insights for therapeutic strategies to promote self-forgiveness and psychological well-being. Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Treylesia, you included many of the main points here. A few were notably missing, such as the concept of pseudo self-forgiveness, when it is not appropriate, etc.

Reflection

Reading Hall and Fincham's piece on self-forgiveness was eye-opening. I was initially intrigued by this issue since self-forgiveness intrigues and applies to me. Knowing how self-forgiveness works is vital for someone who has struggled with guilt and self-criticism. The article established a rigorous conceptual framework that explained why self-forgiveness is crucial for mental health and personal progress. The idea that self-forgiveness implies a transition from self-destructive to self-compassion resonated with me because it shows its transformative power.

One of the most striking aspects of the article was its discussion on the conditionality of self-forgiveness compared to the unconditional nature of interpersonal forgiveness. This distinction has sparked debate because it undermines the idea that forgiveness must always be unconditional. The authors' claim that self-forgiveness requires reparative efforts made me think about my experiences. I sometimes struggled to forgive myself until I made enough reparations. That self-forgiveness involves constant effort and upkeep complicates the process, which I had not considered before. It implies that self-forgiveness requires ongoing reflection and commitment.

Theoretical approach by Hall and Fincham emphasized self-forgiveness's emotional, social, and cognitive elements. Understanding these factors showed me that self-forgiveness requires reassessing one's self-worth and aspirations, not only removing guilt or shame (Hall & Fincham, 2005). Therapy can benefit from its self-compassion and self-punishment focus. Increasing self-compassion and decreasing self-criticism is vital. This view corresponds with modern CBT and mindfulness-based therapies, emphasizing self-kindness and self-judgment reduction.

The article's examination of self-forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness also provided new perspectives. Powerful idea that self-forgiveness builds empathy and compassion to help others forgive. It indicates self-improvement affects relationships. This led me to study how self-forgiveness might strengthen relationships. The article motivated me to study self- and interpersonal forgiveness, especially empirically. Understanding this link may help you apply forgiveness holistically in personal and therapeutic situations. Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Appropriate comments for this section

Application

My community services agency client Samantha came to me with deep shame and sadness after a difficult divorce. Samantha blamed cheating for her divorce. Her mental health and daily life were affected by her severe self-criticism, regret, and unworthiness due to her refusal to forgive herself for this sin. I helped Samantha heal emotionally and psychologically by guiding her through Hall and Fincham's methodical self-forgiveness process.

Samantha and I discussed Hall and Fincham's self-forgiveness paradigm, emphasizing self-compassion and reducing self-punishment. I stated that self-forgiveness involves admitting her mistakes and forgiving herself. Self-forgiveness requires admitting mistake, overcoming negative feelings, and accepting the offence internally. Samantha was encouraged to talk about her remorse and shame rather than conceal them. Samantha will confront her guilt and its effects on her self-image during Enright's (1996) uncovering phase.

I helped with the choice and work phases of self-forgiveness. I helped Samantha construct realistic and compassionate self-forgiveness criteria inspired by the article's emphasis on conditionality. This involved making atonement and committing to personal growth and fidelity. Samantha changed from self-punishment to self-compassion by calling these situations self-improvement. Cognitive-behavioral treatment changed her negative self-talk, while mindfulness increased her awareness and self-kindness. Samantha transformed her self-destructive ideas with positive and forgiving ones using Hall and Fincham's motivational shifts paradigm.

The article's self- and interpersonal-forgiveness ideas influenced our work. I urged Samantha to forgive herself to help her forgive her ex-spouse and overcome her pain and hatred after the divorce. Samantha realized that self-forgiveness required reconciliation with herself and was essential to her health and future relationships. We discussed how her inability to forgive herself may hinder her ability to trust and develop new relationships, emphasizing that self-forgiveness is crucial to healing and personal growth. After these sessions, Samantha realized that self-forgiveness was required to reclaim her self-respect and mental health, which gave her a more balanced and hopeful attitude on life and future relationships.

Applying the strategies of Christian counseling by McMinn we discussed the theological perspective stating that forgiveness is as much psychological as it is theological process (McMinn, 2012). Samantha considered biblical teachings on forgiveness and grace to view self-compassion as an extension of divine love and forgiveness. This theological view combined to Hall and Fincham's motivational changes paradigm showed that self-forgiveness is about reconciliation and repentance as well as healing. Samantha also learned from McMinn that self-forgiveness is linked to forgiveness for others, even an ex-spouse. It also highlighted the link between interpersonal and intrapersonal forgiveness, showing how Samantha's maturation may strengthen her relationships. Samantha's self-forgiveness restored her self-esteem, mental health, and outlook on life and future relationships. Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Ok, but you are to apply just the concepts from the journal article, not another source Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Overall, good . You pulled out several ideas from the journal article to apply here

References

Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self–Forgiveness: The Stepchild of Forgiveness Research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621–637. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2005.24.5.621

McMinn, M. R. (2012). Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.. https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9781414349237

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JOURNAL ARTICLE REVIEW 2

Journal Article Review: Foundational and Worldview Issues of Integration Assignment

Treylesia Alston

School of Behavioral Sciences, Liberty University Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Good–accurate title page.

Author Note

Treylesia Alston

I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to

Treylesia Alston

Email: [email protected]

Journal Article Review

Summary

In the write-up “Intervention Studies on Forgiveness: A Meta-Analysis,” Baskin and Enright (2004) take an explorative study of a vital intervention used in treating psychological distortions named forgiveness intervention. The authors defined forgiveness as the art of individuals willfully overlooking the wrongdoing of others despite their not deserving the said consideration. Evidently, it is an elaborate process that takes place in a sequence of phases that begins with the uncovering state where victims critically examine the consequences of harboring inappropriate emotional responses like excessive anger and frustrations and ends with the outcome phase when they choose to forget negative events that occurred in the past and initiate a new beginning (Baskin & Enright, 2004). The contextual message in the write-up indicates that there are diverse techniques used in forgiveness intervention, including the decision-based approach, the process-based group form and the process-based individual model. Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Journal article Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): ? Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Why this transition word? Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Journal article Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Please review accurate word choice. The meta-analysis, did find three categories of approaches and that was the major results of the meta-analysis, but they were not categorized as diverse techniques

Baskin and Enright (2004) carried out a comparative study of the efficacy of the three approaches to forgiveness in improving the psychological well-being of those with mental distortion. The findings compiled from the meta-analysis entailed reviewing a set of nine articles that highlighted several significant factors. Firstly, the outcomes of the study showed that the three models elicited varying efficacy levels when used in treating clients with psychological disruptions. Evidently, the decision-based model was ineffective, while the process-based group intervention had minimal positive outcomes. On the other hand, the process-based individual intervention model had a notably high efficacy level (Baskin & Enright, 2004). The article also elucidated those other vital aspects determined the effectiveness of the intervention when applied in managing psychological distortions. These include the length of time spent when administering the intervention. Ideally, prolonging the duration of the intervention helped to elicit positive outcomes. Subsequently, the availability of emotional support was a significant factor that determined the effectiveness of the interventions. Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Again, review more accurate word choices. Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Explain the results using the language from the journal article Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): What do you mean by this? Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Not a sentence Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Ok, you hit some of the high points. I would be glad to share with you a student example of a more complete summary, if that would help . Summary: 0 to 52 points Summary is concisely worded (but of sufficient length in order to adequately provide a complete review of the article). Summary includes all major topics of the article (if the article is a research study, briefly describes hypotheses, methods, results, discussion, and implications). Summary is the foundation for the subsequent 2 sections of paper. Article is chosen from list provided. My tips: The summary should be a concise explanation of the most important points from the article. Present the “big picture” not peripheral details. You may need to read the article more than one time to pull out the main points After having thoroughly read the journal article (maybe more than once) list your “bullet point” ideas: if you were outlining the article, what are the core points ( your main points in the outline) and what are the supporting points (your subordinate points in your outline)? Explain your main points in organized paragraphs—paragraphs develop one main idea per paragraph and you can use the subordinate points in your “outline” as mentioned above, to develop the idea of the paragraph. You should put most of your energy in writing the paper into the summary section, since the other sections are built on a solid first section.

Reflection

The article provides significant insights into the effectiveness of forgiveness as an intervention used to manage psychological distortions in clients. Inarguably, harboring negative emotions such as anger, frustration, and bitterness is a significant factor that causes individuals to develop mental health issues. Therefore, using a psychotherapeutic model such as forgiveness intervention that focuses on eliminating this negative emotion is a significant step that ensures that those receive holistic healing. However, it is a significant intervention that is suitable for providing psychological aid to those grappling with psychological disruptions that stem from situations that trigger negative emotions, such as victims of poor parenting and abusive relations (Baskin & Enright, 2004). The model allows victims to reflect on the impacts of the negative emotions on their well-being, hence causing them to conceptualize the essence of eliminating negative emotions for their personal gain. Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): That was not the stated purpose of the journal article Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Are you saying that a person could argue that your conclusion stated here is correct, or could not argue it? Please review the definition of this word. I won’t continue to mark writing issues.

The write-up provides a detailed explanation of the steps involved when using forgiveness intervention to ensure that it elicits positive results. The set of four steps helps those who have been wronged to engage in a thorough self-reflection and examination that alters their perceptions of the events that trigger negative emotions and create in them the need to forgive themselves and those who wronged them accordingly. The article also compares the effectiveness of different models of the forgiveness intervention and identifies that which is the most effective in managing psychological distortion in the clients. This is significant because it helps enlighten psychological experts on the most effective intervention that is guaranteed to yield positive outcomes. However, the article also points out that the interventions are not suitable for all psychological distortions. It is only effective in situations that cause people to harbor negative emotions towards others. Therefore, before selecting and applying the psychotherapeutic technique, psychological experts should conduct a thorough evaluation of clients’ situations to determine whether it can be applied effectively. Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): In this section, reflect primarily on the major result of the meta-analysis. Reflection: 0 to 15 points Reflection is approximately 1 page of text and includes: Initial response, Comments about design/methodology (if appropriate), Insights gained, Reasons for your interest in topic, and Future research interest based on topic

Application

The forgiveness technique can be used in the clinical setting in managing those grappling with psychological ailments that stem from different situations. A case in point is the situation of a male child aged 15 years seeking counseling for depression. Analysis shows that his parents are successful career people. However, in their quest to succeed professionally, they neglected the child, resulting in his being constantly alone and unhappy. Forgiveness therapy is the most ideal psychotherapeutic technique for the said case because it will help address the negative emotions that the young harbors and improve his psychological wellbeing (Baskin & Enright, 2004). The first step during the psychological session will be the uncovering phase which will entail allowing the young ones to express his anger over his parent’s neglect and how it made him feel. It will also include sharing the parents’ perspective of the issue, including the reasons for their allocating more time to their career than raising the victim to ensure that he can see the situation from their viewpoint. For example, the parents could have been focusing on optimizing their earnings to give their child a good life. The second step is the decision phase, in which the young one chooses to forgive his parents. Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): You would need to justify this conclusion

The next two steps during the counselling session when using the technique will be the working stage and the outcome stage. The process that will take place during the working stage will include analyzing the issue from the perspective of the client and his parents. The parents will ask for forgiveness from the child and commit to play a more active role in the participant’s life through acts such as creating scheduled family time each day, planning family trips and vacations, and attending school events. On the other hand, during the outcome, he will take a self-evaluation to determine whether his perception of those who have wronged him has changed. Through these steps, the client’s normative psychological function and mental well-being will be restored, proving that forgiveness intervention is a significant therapeutic model that effectively manages psychological disorders. Comment by Meyer, Allen Dale (Community Care and Counseling): Ok. You mentioned one of the models. Again, this journal article reported the results of a meta-analysis, so each section of the paper should primarily focus on the results of the meta-analysis. Application: 0 to 38 points Application is approximately 1 page of text. Application of the article’s core ideas to a specific human services counseling situation (describe the scenario and counseling issue). Article’s ideas clearly integrated, applied, and cited.

References

Baskin, T. W., & Enright, R. D. (2004). Intervention studies on forgiveness: A meta‐analysis.  Journal of counseling & Development,  82(1), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00288.x

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HSCO 506

Book Review: McMinn Assignment Instructions

Overview

You will complete a book review of Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling by McMinn that consists of 4 sections, each with a current APA heading. Use the provided APA template which has a correct title page, headings, and examples of in-text citations, and reference page (McMinn listed as the reference). You will not use any additional sources for this paper.

Instructions

Summary

The McMinn book can be divided into 2 broad “parts.” The first part comprises chapters 1–2 and in those chapters, McMinn lays down a foundation for the rest of the book. In your summary of the first 2 chapters, explain the essential elements in McMinn’s approach to the integration of psychology, theology, and spirituality into counseling. If you had to identify the most important concepts in McMinn’s foundation, what would they be? Present your points clearly, with ideas organized by paragraphs. The second part of the book comprises the application chapters (chapters 3–8). In your summary of these chapters, identify the most important elements of each chapter that best characterize McMinn’s approach to integration. Consider using a separate paragraph for the summary points from each of the chapters. For length, the first section of your paper should be the longest section (2+ total pages suggested for summary).

Personal Reflection

We often remember what speaks to us personally. Pick out a few concepts from McMinn that most resonated with you and tell us why they touched you personally. Make sure you provide a clear tie-in to a main point from McMinn. Do not just tell a personal story prompted by secondary points – stick to the main ideas. Make this section approximately 1 page.

Analysis

What did you find truly unique about McMinn’s approach? What was most helpful? What suggestions from McMinn will be most difficult to utilize in your own counseling? In this section, pick out 3–5 unique ideas (generally not found in every other book on Christian counseling) and explain why you found them unique, or difficult, absolutely essential, or impossible to apply, etc. Highlight the 3–5 unique points to make them obvious to the reader and make this section approximately 1 page. What you write in this section must exhibit that you read this book thoughtfully.

Application

Think of how you would apply concepts from this book to your work as a human services counselor. First, briefly describe the setting in which you will most likely work (or presently do work)—community services agency, hospital, adoption agency, church counseling center, probation office, etc. Then for your particular agency, list at least 5 important concepts from McMinn that you most likely will apply in your work on that setting. Briefly explain how you would apply McMinn’s concepts. Why did you choose those particular concepts? You could also explain the challenges you might face as you seek to integrate psychology/theology/spirituality into your human services counseling. In this section, provide a numbered list of concepts. This section should be a minimum of 1 page.

Keep in mind that while the APA template with correct and current APA formatting is provided, you must present your ideas using professional (graduate level) writing. Writing quality and APA will count for 30 points of your total. Note that page length is suggested; you will not be penalized for going over the suggested length unless the longer length reveals poor writing. Sections shorter than the suggested length may indicate inadequate content.

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

PLEASE READ EVERYTHING I WILL ATTACH BOTH PAPERS SO YOU CAN SEE THE NOTES AND REVEIEW THE ERRORS THAT WERE MADE.

You have all received my feedback on your second journal article papers, and if you have questions, please ask. Overall, I saw many solid journal article papers and some of you used the LUO writing center and obviously found help through that source. Good job on that! As you work on your McMinn paper, I would strongly encourage all of you to review what I have said in the past (both on your returned papers, but also in the summaries I posted) and make necessary corrections for the final paper. Some of you also will want to take my suggestion to use the wr

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