June 18, 2024

Terrorists seek to undermine our willpower and mental stability. Do random acts of terrorism such as the Boston Marathon bombing, the Fort Hood shooting, and the Pulse Nightclub attack achi

Terrorists seek to undermine our willpower and mental stability. Do random acts of terrorism such as the Boston Marathon bombing, the Fort Hood shooting, and the Pulse Nightclub attack achieve terrorist goals?

Your initial response (250-300 words)

02/09/22

Terrorism Today: The Past, The Players, The Future

6th Edition

Chapter 1 The Definitions and History of Terrorism

Learning Outcomes

1.1 Summarize the historical roots of the term terrorism and the difficulty of arriving at an all- encompassing definition.

1.2 List some of the approaches to defining terrorism.

1.3 Analyse the structures of terrorist groups and their possible common qualities.

1.4 Apply the FBI construct to a prominent terror event

1.5 Compare and contrast the existing definitions as detailed in this chapter

Fig 1-1 Continuum of Behavior

Terrorism will inevitably fall into the range of behaviors that are not only a violation of laws but also a violation of politics and practices of a social group or organization.

02/09/22

1.1 The Definitions and History of Terrorism

➢ Reign of Terror –France 1792-1794

➢ The French Revolution

➢ Arrests imprisonment and summary execution

➢ Four hundred thousand died during this period

1.1 The Definitions and History of Terrorism.

✓The systematic application of violence to establish and maintain a new political or religious system

✓Terror in conventional warfare between nation- states is a natural by-product of the violence and confusion of combat

1.1 The Definitions and History of Terrorism (1 of 2)

• Labelling persons or groups as “terrorists”: – Ideologues

– Guerrillas

– Revolutionaries

• No established definitional parameters for these terms

• Labels become a matter of value judgement

02/09/22

1.1 The Definitions and History of Terrorism (2 of 2)

Simple:

Violence or threatened violence intended to produce fear or cause change.

Legal:

Criminal violence violating legal codes and punishable by the state.

Analytical:

A specific political and/or social factor behind individual violent acts

State sponsored:

National or other groups used to attack Western or other vested interests

State: Power of the government used to repress its people to the point of submission

1.2 List Some of the Approaches to Defining Terrorism (1 of 4)

1.2 List Some of the Approaches to Defining Terrorism (2 of 4)

✓Terrorism is the use or threatened use of force designed to bring about change

✓Terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of force to achieve a political objective

✓Terrorism is premeditated, deliberate, systematic murder….….in order to gain a political or tactical advantage

✓Unlawful use or threat of violence ..…to intimidate of coerce a government

02/09/22

1.2 List Some of the Approaches to Defining Terrorism (3 of 4)

Alex Schmid

Terrorism is an anxiety inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reason, whereby—in contrast to assassination—the direct targets of violence are not the main target

1.2 List Some of the Approaches to Defining Terrorism (4 of 4)

✓U.S. Code of Federal Regulation

✓U.S. National Security Strategy

✓U.S. Department of Defense

✓U.S. Department of Justice

✓Prevention of Terrorism Act 1989

✓The Patriot Act 2001

1.3 Analyse the structures of terrorist groups and their possible common qualities

Terrorist Qualities

• They must believe passionately in the justness of their cause

• The must possess the “killer” instinct

• They must possess the ability to act effectively as loners

• They need a high level of physical courage

02/09/22

1.3 Analyse the structures of terrorist groups and their possible common qualities (1 of 2)

1.3 Analyse the structures of terrorist groups and their possible common qualities (2 of 2)

➢ Terrorist Cellular Structure – good level of operational safety and security

– Identification of others within the group is difficult

– Difficult to infiltrate

➢ Terrorist Groups – Require a support structure and sympathisers

– safe houses, logistics, communication, recruiting

1.4 Apply the FBI Construct to a recent terror event

FBI – GLOBALAL APPLICABILITY?

• Involve violent acts – Violation of criminal laws of U.S. or any state

• Appear to be intended to: – Coerce or intimidate a civilian population

– Influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion

– Affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping

02/09/22

1.5 Compare and contrast existing definitions as detailed in this chapter

• U.S. Department of Defense Constructs

• U.S. Department of State

• The League of Nations (forerunner to United Nations)

• Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism

• U.S. Army Training Manual

• European Union

• USA – Patriot Act

1. Review Questions (1 of 2)

1. Discuss the geopolitical conditions that make the task of defining terrorism complicated for the UN General Assembly.

2. Discuss similarities and contrasts between what has taken place with Islamic State atrocities in the twenty-first century and that perpetrated in the seventeenth century during the French Revolution

3. Create your own definition of terrorism, based on an actual terrorist event that has recently taken place in your country.

1. Review Questions (2 of 2)

4. Discuss hostage taking as a criminal incident as opposed to a terrorist event and what elements may complicate the determination.

5. Determine the similarities between the U.S. definitions of terrorism and those of the Arab League

02/09/22

Terrorism Today: The Past, The Players, The Future

6th Edition

Chapter 2 A Brief History of Terrorism

Learning Outcomes

2.1 Describe how violence becomes terrorism and its historical roots.

2.1 List the five areas where state-sponsored terrorism can achieve its ends

2.3 Describe how social media and internet resources have become the modern communication tools for sophisticated terror groups

2.4 Compare and contrast Islamism and Jihad

2.5 Summarize how media and modern media models work for and against terrorists

2.1 Describe how violence becomes terrorism and its historical roots

➢Violence – Logical Progression

➢Formation of Intent

➢Execution

➢Immediate Consequences

02/09/22

2.1 Earlier and more recent examples of terrorism

• 44 BC – assassination Julius Caesar

• 1939 – assassination Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand

• 1984 – assassination – Indira Gandhi

2.1 Assassination – Origin

➢ Assassins – Group of sectarian Muslims

➢ Middle ages – Hashashin

➢ Target religious enemies

2.1 ZEALOTS

➢ Zealots – first known terror attacks

➢ Resisted Romans in what is now Israel

➢ Attacks intended to spread fear in community

➢ Attacks likened to 20th and 21st century terrorism

➢ Islamic 21st century jihad

02/09/22

2.1 Terror – Religion – The Middle East

TERRORISM

ISLAM

JUDAISM & CHRISTIANITY

Figure 2.1

Countries with the most terrorist attacks and total deaths worldwide in 2015

2.2 List the five areas where state-sponsored terrorism can meet its ends

• Advantages – State sponsors ❖Low Cost – Financially

❖Low Cost – Politically

❖High Yield – Financially

❖Low Risk Politically

❖Low Risk – Financially

02/09/22

2.2 U.S. Designated Sponsor List

• States designated as sponsors of terrorism (2002) – CUBA, IRAN, IRAQ, SYRIA, NORTH KOREA, SUDAN,

LIBYA

• Iraq removed from list /U.S. invasion

• As of 2016 ONLY remaining LISTED sponsors of terrorism are:

– IRAN

– SYRIA

– SUDAN

2.2 Combatting State Sponsors – downtrend

• Bilateral and Multilateral Sanctions

• Targeting state sponsors and

• International terrorism

2.2 Sanctions for Sate Sponsors

• U.S. Government

• FOUR main sets of significant sanctions

• To restrict and curtail global activity

• Ban on arms related sales and export

• Export controls – dual use items

• Prohibition on economic assistance

• Imposition of miscellaneous financial restrictions

02/09/22

2.3 Describe how social media and internet resources have become the modern communications tools for sophisticated terror groups

Terror Groups

• Facebook

• Twitter

• Kik

• Wickr

• Chat Rooms

• The Dark Web

2.3 Internet converts to jihad?

• Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab – the Underwear bomber – Northwest Airlines Flight #253- Detroit December 25th 2009

• Major Nidal Hassan – U.S. Army – Fort Hood shooter

2.3 Media – 21st Century View

• TERRORIST NEEDS

• GOVERNMENT NEEDS

• MEDIA NEEDS

02/09/22

2.3 Terrorist needs – media

✓A sympathetic ear (audience)

✓Editorial spin (newsworthy)

✓Legitimacy of their cause

✓Sympathetic voice within a media target

2.3 Government needs – media

✓ Support for government course of action

✓Need media to deny platform to terrorists

✓Present terrorists as criminals

✓Avoid glamorization

✓Reassurance to the public

✓Restrict broadcast of critical information

2.3 Media and Terrorism

• 21st century media

• Anyone with iPhone and internet

• Rush to scoop a story

• Internet utilization by terrorist groups

• On-line publications

02/09/22

2.4 Compare and contrast Islamism and Jihad

ISLAMISM

➢Turning Islam into an ideology

➢Demands total adherence to Islam

➢Islamic version of totalitarianism

2.4 Peace or War

➢ Islam – religion of peace or war?

➢ Interpretations of the Holy Quran

➢ Differing viewpoints within Islam

➢ Similar differing viewpoints in Christian religion

2.4 Osama bin Laden

• Militant Jihad ▪ Religious duty

• Clash of civilizations – al Qaeda version of Islam ▪ East v West (Muslim v Christian)

• Al Qaeda – one solution ▪ Apocalyptic showdown – violence not peace

• Violent overthrow ▪ Muslim countries supporting the West

▪ Target – U.S. driven economy – cannot accept battleground casualties

02/09/22

Figure 2.2

Suicide attacks by year worldwide 1982-1999

Figure 2.2

Suicide attacks by year worldwide 2000-2015

2.5 Summarize how media and modern media models work for and against terrorists

02/09/22

2. Review Questions

1. Explain how social media plays a role in recruiting terrorist sympathizers and the areas of the Internet where recruiting may take place.

2. Describe the difference between Islam and Islamism.

3. Compare recent terror attacks and determine whether they would be classified as low cost or high cost operations financially.

4. Analyze a recent terrorist incident in the West and discuss whether these perpetrators were radicalized homegrown terrorists and how they might have been prevented from taking such action.

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Terrorists seek to undermine our willpower and mental stability. Do random acts of terrorism such as the Boston Marathon bombing, the Fort Hood shooting, and the Pulse Nightclub attack achi

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