undeclared Mammalian Physiology Questions

Requirements: 1. Your answers should be researched, well thought out and organized, well written, and demonstrate knowledge and a good effort on your part. 2. Do not depend on popular online sources as they are not always accurate and are not usually reviewed for accuracy. Unless they are textbooks, peer reviewed scientific publications, or from a fact-checked source like a high-quality periodical (ex: Scientific American) they may not be accurate. If you paraphrase or quote you need to cite the reference. There is no special citation format, but include: author’s names), title, date, source. 3. If a question says to list and describe or explain, be sure to list (a b,c or 1,2,3) and give a complete description or explanation. Answer all parts of a multipart question. 4. No need to rewrite the questions, but be sure to number them. 5. Word process and print out your answers in double spaced, size 12 font with single side printing of the pages. 6. Reread your answers and make appropriate corrections, editing, etc. Don’t rely on spell and grammar check software alone. 7. Use of ChatGPT or any other chatbot for communication to provide an answer will result in a failing grade for this assignment (F and 0 points). 1. LIST and fully describe 3 ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood. (24 points) 2. Mammalian lungs have alveoli that are approximate spheres. The Law of LaPlace for a sphere applied to alveoli is the basis for an inherent instability in the lungs. Describe this instability with reference to LaPlace, what is the cause of it, what are the potential effects of it, and how do the lungs solve this problem? How does the solution to the problem work as alveoli change during inspiration and expiration? Be complete and specific about each part of the question. (40 points) 3. Exercise or physical exertion has a number of effects on mammals that can allow the mammal to more efficiently supply oxygen to the tissues at this time of higher demand. List and Describe 3 effects of physical exertion/exercise, how each alters the P5o of hemoglobin, and in what way it is altered in each situation. Be sure to define P5o for Hb oxygen saturation, how it affects affinity of Hb for oxygen, and how this is advantageous. Answer all parts of the question. (30 points) 4. In order to produce urine that is hypertonic to blood, mammals must be able to establish and maintain an osmotic gradient based on NaCI concentrations between the renal cortex and medulla. There are 2 renal structures that are responsible for establishing and maintaining this NaCI concentration gradient. What are these 2 structures and how do they work to establish and maintain the NaCI gradient? (40 points) 5. LIST and fully describe 5 factors (structures or one of their characteristics) that affect glomerular filtration and how it is affected. (50 points) 6. Describe the myogenic mechanism in the kidneys that regulates renal blood flow and renal glomerular pressure. Be specific and give details. (30 points)