Peer response
peer response
I want to talk about Acetyl choline, the neurotransmitter ofneuromuscular junctions. His pharmacological action is at synapses in the ganglia of the visceral motor system and at a variety of sites within the central nervous system. Whereas a great deal is known about the function of cholinergic transmission at the neuromuscular junction and at ganglionic synapses, the action of Ach in the central nervous system is not well understood.
Pharmacological action responds to mnemonic ACH: being as A:autonomic like bradycardia, GI motility,salivation,lacrimation, sexual arousal;C: contraction, in relation to muscles and H: hippocampus for learning,memory, awarenessand attention.
Some drug classes like cholinergic medications are a category of pharmaceutical agents that act upon the neurotransmitter. The are two broad categories of cholinergicdrugs: direct acting and directingacting. The direct acting works by directly binding activating muscarinicreceptors, examples areacetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol, bethanechol, and alkaloids like pilocarpine.Indirect acting increase availability of acetylcholine at the cholinergic receptors like physostigmine, neostigmine,donepezil, and manyothers.
Expected outcomes dependonbinding receptors such as muscarinic or nicotinic. If muscarinic: regulation of heart contractions and blood pressure, intestinal motility and increase stomach secretions, at the same time the secretions of saliva,tears, milk sweat and digestives juices, the control of release urine, control of near vision and erection. If nicotinic well,allowed skeletal muscle contraction, activation in general of sympathetic system with the release of norepinephrine.
Side effects are in consideration of high or low level and play animportant role in several diseases. People with low acetylcholine in their brain can suffer from Alzheimer Disease. If this neurotransmitter is released in low level can provoque the disorder known as Lambert -Eaton myasthenic syndrome. In other side if for autoimmune reason this neurotransmitter is destroyed by body’s antibody can produce Myasthenia Gravis.
I would like to introduce Dopamine another neurotransmittermakes for the nervous system that works as a chemical messenger between nervous cells. His pharmacological actionafter synthesized from Tyrosine concluded in how we feel pleasure and has a big role in how human has ability in thinking and plan. It helps us strive,focus, and find things interesting.Ifeffects many parts of our behavior and physical functions such as learning,motivation, heart rate, blood vessel function and kidney function too. In other hand play role in lactation,sleep,mood, attention, control of nausea and vomiting, pain processing and movement. In Mental Heath his role is in relation that it’s the cause of most mental disorders and challenges. Some examples include Schizophrenia, ADHD and drug misuse and abuse.
Some expected outcomes, as this is an excitatory neurotransmitter, are some physical symptoms if it’s low like tremor,stiffness, poor balance, and others.
Drugs in relation with Dopamine are inotropic who are important in control and stabilize the blood pressure, the cardiac output and blood flow. If ionotropic medications are not well controlled irregulars heartrate, breathing trouble and othersymptoms can occur.
References.
-Medina-Luque, Piechocinski, Otrck at el (2024) Striatal dopamine neurotransmission is altered in age- and region-specific manner in a Parkinson’s disease transgenic mouse. Scientific Report
; London Vol. 14, Iss. 1, (2024): 164. DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-49600-5
-Stahl, S. M. (2021). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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