lab # 7 anthro

 

Headless Roman Skeleton in York, England

One of the headless Roman gladiators found in York, England.
An ancient DNA study showed that he may have been from
Palestine or Saudi Arabia. Photo: York Archaeological Trust.
SourceLinks to an external site.

Resources

–> Before you attempt to complete the exercises below, you may want to review my lecture slides with pictures of bones.

Directions

Before completing the lab manual’s exercises, I recommend that you review my recorded Zoom lecture videos (Parts 1-3) or my lecture slides saved as a PDF file. The links are above.

Lab #7 consists of the following lab manual exercises (modified for online):

  1. Ex. 7.1 “Getting to Know the Postcranial Skeleton” (p. 61-62)
    –> Complete this exercise by labeling the bones in the skeleton on p. 62
    –>Do not answer the questions about the side of the body or the skeleton’s likely biological sex on page 69. It is based on a real skeleton in a classroom. That question is not relevant to this online class.
  2. Ex. 7.2 “Exploring the Femur” (p.62-64)
    A. Label the parts of the femur on page 63.
    B. Write the measurements in the chart on page 63 with the following:
      1. Femur label: Human Right Femur of an Adult Female *
      2. Maximum length: 430 mm (you can convert to centimeters by dividing by 10 = 43 cm)
      3. Anterior-posterior midshaft diameter: 23 mm
      4. Mediolateral midshaft diameter: 22 mm
      5. Maximum (vertical) diameter of the femoral head: 36 mm

C. ADDITIONAL EXERCISE NOT IN THE LAB MANUAL: How tall was she?

This exercise is based on the formulas used to estimate a person’s height when they were alive based on the length of their femur after death. The formula below is from the Carolina Supply Company’s instructions for its Carolina™ Osteometric Board for a human adult female.
Calculate the estimated stature of the woman when she was alive from the length of her femur using the following formula:
Stature = 1.945 x (femur length in cm) + 72.845
Stature = (1.945 x 43 cm) + 72.845
Stature = __________ cm
You can convert her height to feet and inches with the following formula:
(Height in cm) /2.54) = ________inches. Then (height in inches)/12 =_____feet ____ inches
Note: the forward-slash (“/”) means “divided by”

3. Ex. 7.3 “Exploring the Pelvis” (pages 64-66)

    1. Label the parts of the pelvis on the top and bottom drawings on page 65
    2. Answer the questions about side and anatomical orientation on page 65.

Fill in the boxes with the following measurements on page 66:
(a) Which os coxa are you measuring? Adult female *
(b) Ilium Breadth (width): 128 mm
(c) Ilium Height: 103 mm
(d) Iliac Index: Calculate the breadth/height ratio (aka “Iliac Index”) of the ilia (plural of the ilium (hip bone). Calculate Iliac Index on p. 75 using the measurements above for the adult female pelvis.
Calculate the Iliac Index (breadth/height ratio) using the following formula:
Ilium breadth (width) / Ilium height x 100 = ______________
Note: the forward-slash (“/”) means “divided by”

If you are wondering, “Why care about the shape of a human’s hip bones,” the answer is that they provide anatomical evidence of the evolution of hominins, like our species, from tree-dwelling apes millions of years ago to modern bipedal humans. A modern human’s ilium (hip bone) has evolved to be shorter and wider than the tall and relatively narrow pelvises of quadrupedal apes. Also, a core skill of a biological anthropologist, like a forensic anthropologist identifying human remains after a natural disaster or a suspected crime, is to be able to attribute sex, size, parenthood, and age based on the analysis of a pelvis. Finally, biological anthropologists need to know the differences between the pelvises of quadrupedal apes and bipedal humans for many practical reasons.

4. Skip the Study Questions (page 66). You do NOT need to answer the study questions.

For Quiz #3, you should know the main ways to attribute sex to a pelvis such as the angle of the pubic arch, the shape of the sciatic notch, and the width/shape of the pelvic inlet. See the slides with the ways to attribute sex to a pelvis on my lecture slides saved in a PDF file (see the link above).

* The measurements using the femur in Ex. 7.2 were taken from a replica of a human femur described on the Bones Clones website as the following:

The femur and the pelvis bone replicas used in my Zoom lecture for these exercises are based on the skeleton of an adult female. Here is the description of her femur on BonesClones.com:

“Right femur from the postcranial remains of a 39-year-old European American female, who died due to a shotgun wound to the head. This information was documented at the time of the individual’s death. With gratitude to the Maxwell Museum for the opportunity to cast this set.”
Bones Clones, Inc.
Link: https://boneclones.com/product/human-39-year-old-female-right-femur-FM-534Links to an external site.

Lab #7 Grading Rubric

2 points: Ex. 7.1 “Getting to Know the Postcranial Skeleton” (page 62 of the Lab Manual for Anth 111 (7th Edition))

4 points: Ex. 7.2 “Exploring the Femur” (page 63) A, B, and C “How tall was she?” on this Canvas Assignment

4 points: Ex. 7.3 “Exploring the Pelvis” (pages 65-66 of the Lab Manual for Anth 111 (7th Edition))

+ _______________________________

10 points = Maximum Total Points

Other online resources to help you memorize bones and features

  1. Bone Box Quiz: Test yourself on the postcranial bones using the website “LUMEN Welcome to the Bone Box!”. Link: http://www.lumen.luc.edu/lumen/meded/grossanatomy/learnem/bones/main_bone.htmLinks to an external site.

    ”Welcome to the Bone Box!” > Thorax: Sternum, rib | Upper Extremity > Scapula: ventral, dorsal |clavicle | humerus: anterior, posterior | radius-ulna: anterior, posterior | Lower Extremity à femur: anterior, posterior | tibia-fibula:anterior, posterior | foot: dorsal, and lateral.

  2. Quizlet: (free online flashcards) > Postcranial Skeleton. Link: https://quizlet.com/442984895/postcranial-bones-flash-cards/Links to an external site.
  3. Entertaining anatomical videos by Pierce College’s Dr. Brian Pierson:
    1. Video “Post Cranial Axel Skeleton” (2020) 31:31 min. by Brian Pierson, PhD. Link:
      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQZU4BB3jkILinks to an external site.
    2. Video “Bones of the Upper Arm” (2020) 46:46 min. by Brian Pierson, PhD. Link:
      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-i59q9fnIOc&list=PL-8O_YRQhLRMxWimnT9p6r34QlgEzxnsw&index=4Links to an external site.
    3. Video: “The Bones of the Lower Limb.” (2020) 34:35 min. Link:
      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNEEqWoiHQQ&list=PL-8O_YRQhLRMxWimnT9p6r34QlgEzxnswLinks to an external site.

Turn In

Where: Turn in your completed lab exercises to this Canvas Assignment, by clicking on the red “Submit” button.

Submission formats: Text or uploaded files (pdf,doc,docx,txt,jpg, png).

A. How to annotate (type on or edit) a PDF file online using your computer or tablet.

B. How to convert printed lab manual pages (paper) into a digital file you can upload to this lab’s Canvas Assignment:

    1. You can scan the completed exercises on hard copies of the lab manual’s page using your smartphone! There is a free smartphone app called GeniusScan. (Link: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/scanner-app-genius-scan/id377672876Links to an external site. )
    2. Or, you can scan the pages and convert them to a PDF file using a copier/scanning machine. Then you click on “Submit” on the Canvas Assignment and upload your work at an attached PDF file.
    3. You can also use your smartphone’s camera to take photos of each page with exercises you completed and upload each digital photo file to the lab’s Canvas Assignment by clicking on “Submit” and attaching each file. I do not recommend this method because it takes a long time for you to do (and for me to grade) and I’ve noticed the photo quality is sometimes so bad that I cannot grade some students’ work.
    4. You can also copy the text in a Google Doc, a Microsoft Word doc, or copy’n’paste it as text in a text box on this Assignment and hit “Submit”.

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