Psychology Question
Madigan Christ, Maya Milstein, Braden, Alex Ormond Participants The study of the effect of stress on sleep will be conducted on mainly Chapman students as well as other individuals who are enrolled in a four-year college or university program. The study is to be performed on sixty to eighty participants in order to gain conclusive results. Participants will be recruited in person and through social media platforms such as Instagram. They will be informed of the study being conducted and the different variables being measured around stress on sleep and the effects produced. The sampling method will be a combination of convenience sampling as well as stratified sampling. Limitations require participants to currently be attending a four year college or university as well as being over the age of eighteen. Procedure Participants will be introduced to the study and its purpose. This may include a brief explanation of the research topic, specifically focusing on various stress levels and their effect on sleep patterns. Participants will be presented with the informed consent form. They will be instructed to read through the form carefully, which outlines the purpose of the study, confidentiality measures, risks and benefits, and contact information for the researchers. It will also emphasize that participation is voluntary, and they have the right to withdraw at any time. Participants will be reminded that they must be at least 18 years of age to participate in the study. If they meet this criterion and agree to participate, they will proceed to the next step. Participants will be directed to complete a survey. This survey will include questions related to their own stress levels (including general stress, academic stress, interpersonal stress, and financial stress) and their sleep quality. This will begin with the Perceived Stress Scale, then move on to the Academic Stress Scale, followed by questions related to interpersonal stress, financial stress, and finally the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). After completing the stress and sleep quality measures, participants provide demographic information such as their college status, involvement in Greek life, major, gender, year/standing, and race. They will be instructed to respond honestly and to the best of their ability. The total time of the survey will be around fifteen minutes and will consist of around thirty-four questions. Once participants have completed the survey, they will be thanked for their participation in the study. They will be reminded that their responses are valuable for the research and that their confidentiality will be maintained. Participants will be provided with contact information for the researchers in case they have any further questions or concerns about the study. Measures Independent Variable: STRESS The independent variable that we are targeting is stress. Stress can be defined as a negative feeling that emerges from internal and external factors. Stress typically occurs when the body is under more pressure than it can handle. It is a natural response that can cause a physical response in the body due to raised hormones, like adrenaline and cortisol. For our study, stress will be measured using four different types of scales. The first scale will be the Perceived Stress Scale (e.g. In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?) using a 5-point Likert-type scale to measure (from 0, or never, to 4, or always). Others will include the Academic Stress Scale, Interpersonal Stress Scale, and Financial Stress Survey. The stress scales specifically measure the stress levels among college students. We have made our own interpersonal stress scale to accurately measure college students’ interpersonal relationships (e.g. ask the participants to explain how they feel about their family situation) also following the 5-point Likert-type scale. Dependent Variable: SLEEP The dependent variable being examined is sleep. Sleep refers to the state in which the body undergoes various stages of rest to replenish energy levels and restore optimal body functionality. For this variable, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) best measures the quality of sleep among college students. This includes questions such as (e.g. During the past month, how often have you had trouble sleeping because you cannot get to sleep within 30 minutes). As stated in the sleep variable, to verify the validity of our scales, Cronbach’s alpha will be used. References – PSS: Cohen, S. and Williamson, G. Perceived Stress in a Probability Sample of the United States. Spacapan, S. and Oskamp, S. (Eds.) The Social Psychology of Health. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988 – Academic Stress scale Rajendran, R., & Kaliappan, K. V. (1990). Efficacy of behavioural programme in managing the academic stress and improving academic performance. Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies, 6(2), 193–196 – Financial Stress Survey Heo, W., Cho, S. H., & Lee, P. (2020, January 1). APR Financial Stress Scale: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measurement. Journal of Financial Therapy, 11. https://doi.org/10.4148/1944-9771.1216 – PSQI Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ: Psychiatry Research, 28:193-213, 1989 – Interpersonal Stress Scale Self Made
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