Physics Lab
1/do + 1/di = 1/f m = hi/ho = −di/do f-stop = f / D Camera: iris and image formation at the film or CCD array https://www.compadre.org/Physlets/optics/ex36_1.cfm Open the link. Click on Normal Lens. We see an iris, lens and film. Click on Object Source. We start with distances, from object to lens, and from lens to film (subtract x coordinates to get these). Coordinates: object x = 2.3, height ho = 1.2, lens x = 5, film x = 5.75. Use these coordinates in 1b and 2all, subtracting as needed to get do and di. Questions 1-3 concern an object, lens and possible image. The object is focused on the film (image plane) of the camera if its rays on the image side, converge on the film’s surface. They don’t in 1, then barely do in 2. Then we move lens and object in 3, so this happens. So it’s in 2 and 3 that you can measure di and f, and do the lens equation. 1.a. Is the object focused on the film? Yes/No. 1.b. do = _____. di = _can’t. Is it valid to calculate f? Yes/No. 2.a. Grab and move the object all the way to the left, to x = 0. 0 Now the image moves to the left, to “barely” reach the film. The film is also called the image plane, for a camera. Measure do = _____. di = _____. Calculate f = ______ (3 sig figs). From do and di, calculate m = −_____ (2 sig figs). 2.b. Measure ho = ____. Measure hi = −____. From ho and hi, calculate m = _____ (2 sig figs). 2.c. Measure the diameter of the iris (yellow aperture), D = _____. Calculate the f#, f-______ (2 sig figs). Move the object closer to the lens, so its head has coordinate (2, 1). It focuses well-behind the film. This means we need to move the lens further away from the film. Do this by pulling it to the left, so that it butts up to the iris (see figure here). Then move the object horizontally so it focuses on the film, as shown. Double check the object’s height, that its y coordinate is h o = 1.0. 3.a. Measure do = _____. di = _____. Calculate f = _____ (2 sig figs). From do and di, calculate m = _____ (2 sig figs). 3.b. Measure ho = ____. Measure hi = −____. From ho and hi, calculate m = _____ (2 sig figs). Human eye: image formation at the retina https://www.compadre.org/Physlets/optics/prob36_1.cfm Open the link, and click on Far Source. 4.a. Does this represent an object at do = ∞? Yes/No. 4.b. This eye is normal/near sighted/far sighted. 4.c. Adjust the focal length of the eye’s lens with the slider (white box)–can this eye focus on the object? Yes/No. 4.d. Click on Far Source again (turns it off) then Near Source. Adjust the eye’s focal length with the slider (white box) until the object focuses on the retina. Here, f = _____ (3 sig figs). 4.e. Move the object about halfway towards the lens. Adjust focal length of the eye with the slider until the object focuses on the retina. Here, f = _____ (3 sig figs). 4.f. Can a near sighted eye focus well on nearby objects? Yes/No. https://www.compadre.org/Physlets/optics/prob36_2.cfm Open the link, and click on Far Source 5.a. Does this represent an object at do = ∞? Yes/No. 5.b. This eye is normal/near sighted/far sighted. 5.c. Adjust the focal length of the eye’s lens with the slider (white box)–can this eye focus on the object? Yes/No. Here, f = _____ (3 sig figs). 5.d. Click on Far Source again (turns it off) then Near Source. Adjust the eye’s focal length with the slider (white box) throughout its range. Can a far sighted eye focus well on any nearby objects? Yes/No. Please go the page 2 Special Relativity Lab: Inertial Reference Frames Special Relativity Lab: Inertial Reference Frames Recall that Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity was based on 2 assumptions, 1. That light speed “c = 3 × 108 m/s” is a universal speed limit, and 2. That the laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames. Inertial Reference Frames concern coordinate frames that do not accelerate (from Newton’s 1st Law in Chapter 4) that essentially said “if no force acts on an object, no acceleration”. The object maintains its constant velocity also meaning “constant inertia”. This implies constant speed in a 1-dimensional coordinate frame, so that distance changes linearly with time. Pull up the simulation https://www.compadre.org/Physlets/mechanics/prob9_3.cfm Click the run triangle, and let it run as it fills up the table completely. The simulation lists data in 3 coordinate systems or frames, the observer’s x coordinate, and x1 and x2 coordinates of a moving object. x1 and x2 are measured versus x. The x frame is inertial and not accelerating. Inertial frames would have equal distance changes, for equal time intervals. 6a. Does the x1 frame have equal distance changes for equal time intervals? Yes/No/Uncertain. 6b. Does the x2 frame have equal distance changes for equal time intervals? Yes/No/Uncertain 6c. Which coordinate frame is an inertial reference frame? x1 / x2 (choose one or more)
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