Health & Medical Question
[Full-Scale Exercise] Week 1 Assignment Riyadh City Home Locality My home is in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. It is the capital, the biggest city, and the country’s main financial hub. The current population is 7,821,000. The Emergency and Disaster Response Resources Available in Riyadh City Riyadh City relies on various local and national emergency and disaster response resources. The following are the primary resources used in Riyadh for emergency and disaster response. 1. The Saudi Red Crescent Authority (SRCA) and Ministry of Health Plan This resource involves collaboration between SRCA and MOH in Saudi Arabia. It is used as a plan for overseeing disaster response. It is part of the national disaster plan used in Riyadh for disaster management and relief. 2. The General Security and Fire Services It is a resource for emergency and disaster response used in Riyadh for disaster response relating to fire. It has established five fire units in Riyadh for emergency and disaster response. The General Directorate of Civil Defence (GDCD) It is another emergency and disaster response resource used in Riyadh. It helps to respond to emergencies and disasters in several ways. First, it arranges the national alert system when an emergency or disaster occurs. It also protects victims of disaster by providing essential life- [Full-Scale Exercise] support measures. It assists in controlling hazardous areas by evacuating people for disasters and emergencies. It assists in monitoring the disaster recovery process and restoring normalcy in the affected areas. The Potential Hazards Faced by Riyadh City a) Sand and dust storms Riyadh City faces many hazards. For example, the city experiences sand and dust storms during spring and summer. The thick dust can affect visibility in Riyadh up to 10 m (33 ft) (Alhumidan, 2021). The storms affect domestic and international flights and cause school learning to be suspended. b) Drought Riyadh also experiences drought because of its arid climate. The drought is caused by an average high temperature that reaches 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) in August (Alhumidan, 2021). c) Floods The city also faces severe flooding during flash flood events due to its arid climate. The city receives a fair amount of rain in March and April, thus causing flooding (Ledraa & AlGhamdi, 2020). [Full-Scale Exercise] Week 2 Assignment Exercise Overview The Full Scenario Exercise (FSE) will immerse Saudi Red Crescent Authority paramedics in a simulated bus rollover accident on a high-traffic highway, mirroring the challenges they might encounter in their operational environment in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Reports indicate that a bus carrying 14 passengers has overturned. This drill will assess the paramedics’ preparedness and response tactics tailored to manage mass casualty incidents (MCIs) in such settings. Exercise Goal The exercise is directed towards assessing, improving, and learning coordination, communication, and response efficacy from paramedics and other relevant agencies in the case of mass casualties in Riyadh so that proper medical care can reach the injured in good time. SMART Exercise Objectives 1. Objective: Establish incident command within 15 minutes of the simulated incident and initiate triage procedures. • SMART Qualification: ▪ Specific: Establishing incident command structure and initiating triage procedures. ▪ Measurable: Response time within 15 minutes. [Full-Scale Exercise] ▪ Achievable: Achievable within the resources and training available. ▪ Relevant: Critical for effective management of the incident. ▪ Time-bound: Response time specified within 15 minutes. 2. Objective: Deploy medical resources and personnel to the scene within 30 minutes of the incident notification. • SMART Qualification: ▪ Specific: Deployment of medical resources and personnel. ▪ Measurable: Response time within 30 minutes. ▪ Achievable: Feasible within logistical constraints. ▪ Relevant: Ensures timely medical assistance. ▪ Time-bound: Response time specified within 30 minutes. 3. Objective: Conduct effective triage and prioritize treatment based on severity within 45 minutes of the incident. • SMART Qualification: ▪ Specific: Conducting triage and prioritizing treatment. ▪ Measurable: Completion within 45 minutes. ▪ Achievable: Trained personnel available for triage. ▪ Relevant: Ensures efficient allocation of resources. ▪ Time-bound: Completion time specified within 45 minutes. 4. Objective: Coordinate with other emergency response agencies and hospitals for efficient patient transport within 60 minutes. • SMART Qualification: ▪ Specific: Coordination for patient transport. [Full-Scale Exercise] ▪ Measurable: Completion within 60 minutes. ▪ Achievable: Established communication channels. ▪ Relevant: Ensures timely transfer of patients. ▪ Time-bound: Completion time specified within 60 minutes. 5. Objective: Test communication systems and protocols for interoperability and reliability during the exercise. • SMART Qualification: ▪ Specific: Testing communication systems. ▪ Measurable: Reliability and interoperability assessed. ▪ Achievable: Use of available communication equipment. ▪ Relevant: Essential for a coordinated response. ▪ Time-bound: Tested during the exercise duration. 6. Objective: Conduct post-incident debriefing and identify areas for improvement within 24 hours. • SMART Qualification: ▪ Specific: Conduct post-incident debriefing. ▪ Measurable: Completion within 24 hours. ▪ Achievable: Scheduled debriefing session. ▪ Relevant: Facilitates learning and improvement. ▪ Time-bound: Debriefing session within 24 hours. Staffing Plan • Design Team: Exercise Planner, Scenario Developer, Safety Officer. • Conduct Team: [Full-Scale Exercise] o Exercise Director: Overall responsible for exercise conduct. o Controller(s): Overseeing the progression of the exercise. o Facilitator(s): Assisting in managing communication and logistics. o Lead Evaluator: Supervising evaluation process. o Evaluators: Assessing performance and compliance. o Role Players: Portraying victims, bystanders, and other involved parties. o Simulators: Creating realistic scenarios and effects. Budget • Personnel Costs: Exercise Director: $500 Controller(s): $650 Facilitator(s): $350 Lead Evaluator: $700 Evaluators: $850 Role Players: $2500 Backfill for on-duty personnel: $1500 Total Cost: $7050 • Other Costs: Equipment rental: $1000 simulation material: $300 venue rental: $200 refreshments: $250 Total Other Costs: $1750 Grand Total Budget: $8800 ————————————————– [Full-Scale Exercise] Week 3 Assignment FULL-SCALE EXERCISE RESOURCES INTRODUCTION. ❖ Location: High-traffic highway near Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ❖ Incident: A bus carrying 14 passengers has overturned. ❖ Objective: Assess paramedics’ preparedness and response tactics in managing mass casualty incidents. Resource list. ❖ Design Team • Exercise Planner: 2 • Scenario Developer: 2 • Safety Officer: 3 ❖ Conduct Team • Exercise Director: 1 • Controller(s): 2 • Facilitator(s): 2 • Lead Evaluator: 1 • Evaluators: 2 • Role Players: 10 • Medical Supplies: [Full-Scale Exercise] • • • • • • Bandages: 25 rolls • Splints: 18 sets • Stretchers: 14 • first aid kits: 10 • EMS jump bags: 10 • Traiag tags: 15 Communication Equipment: • Radios: 10 • cell phones: 8 • walkie-talkies: 4 Transportation: • Ambulances: 6 • medical transport vehicles: 3 Simulation Materials: • Mannequins: 5 • moulage kits (for realistic injuries): 12 Safety Gear: • Helmets: 13 • Gloves: 10 packets • reflective vests: 30 • Accident safety tags: 4 Refreshments: Water: 100 liters • snacks for participants: Enough for 50 people [Full-Scale Exercise] • Week 4 Assignment. Master Scenario Events List (MSEL Master Scenario Events List (MSEL) Event Event # Time Event Description 10:00 Start the begin exercise Increase traffic congestion around the accident site Responsible Controller Recipient Inject Mode Player Executive director Phone/ Radio 1 10:05 2 Additional injured victims reported on the 10:20 scene Lead Evacuator 3 Decrease in available medical supplies at the 10:39 scene 4 10:58 Adverse weather conditions impede transport operations 11:17 Reassess triage priorities based on resource depletion 11:36 Provide false information about casualty severity 5 6 Facilitator Controller Role player Controller Simulator Exercise begins as scheduled Written Paramedics adapt to increased Paramedics traffic conditions Radio Incident Triage procedures used to commander accommodate more casualties Medical team Medical personnel prioritize resource allocation Transport team Coordination strategies adjusted for weather challenges Phone Medical team Adjusted triage decisions made considering resource scarcity Written Medical team Testing response accuracy and adaptability In-person Fax –Injects Explanation 1. Increase of Speed of Events: All Expected Outcome of Player Action [Full-Scale Exercise] • 10:05: Increase traffic congestion near the accident site (Written) o • Responsible Controller: Facilitator 10:20: Additional injured victims reported on the scene (Radio) o Responsible Controller: Lead Evacuator 2. Decrease of Speed of Events: • 10:40: Decrease in available medical supplies at the scene (In person) o • Responsible Controller: Controller(s) 10:58: Adverse weather conditions impede transport operations (Fax) o Responsible Controller: Role Player 3. Refocus of Player Actions: • 11:17: Reassess triage priorities based on resource depletion (Phone) o • Responsible Controller: Controller(s) 11:36: Provide false information about casualty severity (Written) o Responsible Controller: Facilitator Inject Method of delivery and Criteria used 1. Increase traffic congestion around the accident site (Inject #1) o Method of Delivery: Written o Criteria for Use: This inject aims to test the ability of the paramedics to adapt to increased traffic conditions, which could hinder their response time and efficiency in reaching the accident site. It simulates a realistic scenario where external factors impact emergency response operations. 2. Additional injured victims reported on the scene (Inject #2) [Full-Scale Exercise] o Method of Delivery: Radio o Criteria for Use: This inject aims to test the incident commander’s capability to manage an unexpected increase in casualties. It evaluates the implementation of triage procedures to handle the additional victims effectively. 3. Decrease in available medical supplies at the scene (Inject #3) o Method of Delivery: In person o Criteria for Use: This inject aims to assess the decision-making skills of the medical team under pressure due to limited resources. It challenges them to prioritize and allocate medical supplies efficiently to meet the needs of the injured. 4. Adverse weather conditions impede transport operations (Inject #4) o Method of Delivery: Fax o Criteria for Use: This inject tests the ability of the transport team to adapt and coordinate their operations in response to adverse weather conditions. It evaluates their strategies for ensuring patients’ timely and safe transportation despite weather-related challenges. 5. Reassess triage priorities based on resource depletion (Inject #5) o Method of Delivery: Phone o Criteria for Use: This inject is used to evaluate the decision-making process of the medical team when facing resource scarcity. It assesses their ability to adjust triage priorities effectively, considering the available resources and the severity of patients’ conditions. 6. Provide false information about casualty severity (Inject #6) [Full-Scale Exercise] o Method of Delivery: Written o Criteria for Use: This inject aims to test the response accuracy and adaptability of the medical team in handling misinformation. It evaluates their ability to verify information and make informed decisions despite potential false reports regarding casualty severity. [Full-Scale Exercise] Week 5 Assignment Exercise Evaluation Guide Exercise Name: Full-Scale Exercise Exercise Date: [03-28-2024] Jurisdiction/Organization: Saudi Red Crescent Authority Venue: Riyadh Exit 8 Response Exercise Objective: The exercise is directed towards assessing, improving, and learning coordination, communication, and response efficacy from paramedics and other relevant agencies in the case of mass casualties in Riyadh so that proper medical care can reach the injured in good time. Core Capability: Public Health, Healthcare, and Emergency Medical Services Provide lifesaving medical treatment via Emergency Medical Services and related operations. Avoid additional disease and injury by providing targeted public health, medical, and behavioral health support and products to all affected populations. Organizational Capability Target 1: Ensure rapid medical resources and personnel deployment to mass casualty incidents. Critical Task: Activate incident command and initiate triage procedures within 15 minutes of the simulated incident. Critical Task: Deploy medical resources and personnel to the scene within 30 minutes of the incident notification. Critical Task: Establish communication channels with relevant agencies and stakeholders within 20 minutes of the incident. Critical Task: Conduct initial scene assessment and hazard mitigation within 25 minutes of deployment. Source(s): Riyadh Emergency Response Plan, Saudi Red Crescent Authority Standard Operating Procedures. Organizational Capability Target 2: Conduct effective triage and prioritize treatment based on severity. Critical Task: Conduct triage and prioritize treatment within 45 minutes of the incident Critical Task: Continuously reassess and update triage categories and treatment priorities every 15 minutes during the incident response. Critical Task: Coordinate with hospitals and medical facilities to anticipate and prepare for patient arrivals based on triage categories and treatment priorities. Critical Task: Ensure adequate medical documentation and record-keeping for all patients treated during the incident. Source(s): Riyadh Mass Casualty Incident Management Guidelines, Saudi Red Crescent Authority Training Manuals. [Full-Scale Exercise] Response Organizational Capability Target 3: Ensure seamless coordination with other emergency response agencies and hospitals for efficient patient transport. Critical Task: Coordinate with other emergency response agencies and hospitals for efficient patient transport within 60 minutes of the incident. Critical Task: Conduct regular communication updates every 15 minutes to ensure ongoing coordination and address emerging challenges during patient transport operations. Critical Task: Conduct debriefing sessions with involved agencies and hospitals within 24 hours of the incident to identify lessons learned and areas for improvement in patient transport coordination. Critical Task: Monitor and manage patient flow at receiving hospitals to prevent overcrowding and ensure timely access to medical care for all patients. Source(s): Riyadh Emergency Response Coordination Protocol, Riyadh Hospital Transfer Agreement [Full-Scale Exercise] Organizational Capability Target Associated Critical Tasks Critical Task: Activate incident command and initiate triage procedures within 15 minutes of the simulated incident. Critical Task: Deploy medical resources and personnel to the scene within 30 minutes of the incident notification. Ensure rapid Critical Task: Establish deployment of medical communication channels with resources and relevant agencies and personnel to mass stakeholders within 20 minutes of casualty incidents. the incident. Critical Task: Conduct initial scene assessment and hazard mitigation within 25 minutes of deployment. Source(s): Riyadh Emergency Response Plan, Saudi Red Crescent Authority Standard Operating Procedures. Observation Notes and Explanation of Rating Target Rating The Saudi Red Crescent Authority showed excellent readiness and responsiveness throughout the exercise. The performance of the Saudi Red Crescent Authority is rated as Excellent. The Excellent prompt activation of incident command and triage initiation showed strong readiness and protocol adherence. [Full-Scale Exercise] Organizational Capability Target Associated Critical Tasks Observation Notes and Explanation of Rating Target Rating Conduct effective triage and prioritize treatment based on severity. Critical Task: Conduct triage and prioritize treatment within 45 minutes of the incident Critical Task: Continuously reassess and update triage categories and treatment priorities every 15 minutes during the incident response. Critical Task: Coordinate with hospitals and medical facilities to anticipate and prepare for patient arrivals based on triage categories and treatment priorities. Critical Task: Ensure adequate medical documentation and record-keeping for all patients treated during the incident. Source(s): Riyadh Mass Casualty Incident Management Guidelines, Saudi Red Crescent Authority Training Manuals. Effective triage is premised on the best approach to prioritizing resources in MCIs and effective mass casualty incidences. Continuous reassessment every 15 minutes optimizes the treatment prioritization as conditions change. Coordination with hospitals makes patients stream in more timely. There are crucial tasks in a round-robin approach to triage and treatment prioritization during mass casualty incidents; continuous reassessment and coordination with medical facilities reflect a proactive response strategy. Excellent [Full-Scale Exercise] Organizational Capability Target Associated Critical Tasks Ensure seamless coordination with other emergency response agencies and hospitals for efficient patient transport. Critical Task: Coordinate with other emergency response agencies and hospitals for efficient patient transport within 60 minutes of the incident. Critical Task: Conduct regular communication updates every 15 minutes to ensure ongoing coordination and address emerging challenges during patient transport operations. Critical Task: Conduct debriefing sessions with involved agencies and hospitals within 24 hours of the incident to identify lessons learned and areas for improvement in patient transport coordination. Critical Task: Monitor and manage patient flow at receiving hospitals to prevent overcrowding and ensure timely access to medical care for all patients. Source(s): Riyadh Emergency Response Coordination Protocol, Riyadh Hospital Transfer Agreement Observation Notes and Explanation of Rating Efficient patient evacuation during incidents relies on seamless coordination between emergency response organizations and hospitals. It is helpful to receive communication updates every fifteen minutes to make adjustments in real-time and deal with new problems as they arise. A culture of continuous improvement can be nurtured by discussing what happened, what was learned, and how patient transport coordination may be improved within 24 hours after an occurrence. Timely communication, post-incident analysis, and proactive patient flow management are the pillars upon which the essential responsibilities show a thorough method of coordinating patient transport. Target Rating Excellent Final Core Capability Rating: [Excellent] Evaluator Information Evaluator Name: [Fahad AHR] Evaluator Email: [email protected] Evaluator Phone: [020000456] [Full-Scale Exercise] Rating Key P: Performed without challenges S: Performed with some challenges M: Performed with significant challenges U: Unable to be performed 19 Ratings Definitions Performed without Challenges (P) The targets and critical tasks associated with the core capability were completed in a manner that achieved the objective(s) and did not negatively impact the performance of other activities. The performance of this activity did not contribute to additional health and safety risks for the public or emergency workers, and it was conducted per applicable plans, policies, procedures, regulations, and laws. Performed with Some Challenges (S) The targets and critical tasks associated with the core capability were completed in a manner that achieved the objective(s) and did not negatively impact the performance of other activities. The performance of this activity did not contribute to additional health and safety risks for the public or emergency workers, and applicable plans, policies, procedures, regulations, and laws were conducted. However, opportunities to enhance effectiveness and efficiency were identified. Performed with Major Challenges (M) The targets and critical tasks associated with the core capability were completed in a manner that achieved the objective(s), but some or all of the following were observed: demonstrated performance had a negative impact on the performance of other activities; contributed to additional health and safety risks for the public or for emergency workers; and was not conducted by applicable plans, policies, procedures, regulations, and laws. Unable to be Performed (U) The targets and critical tasks associated with the core capability were not performed in a manner that achieved the objective(s). 20 Week 6 Assignment After Action Report Executive Summary: The whole scenario exercise (FSE) involving a bus rollover accident was a simulation exercise within the assessment of the Paramedics of the Saudi Red Crescent Authority carrying out their response to mass casualty incidents (MCIs) in Riyadh. This report frames the outcomes from the exercise into capabilities shown and those that need improvement. Executive Overview: The FSE assessed paramedic readiness and ability to coordinate, communicate, and respond between each other and other concerned agencies in an MCI. It tested some features related to establishing incident command, triage procedures, and resource deployment. It tested coordination on patient transport, how patient transport coordination occurs, communication systems, and post-incident debriefing. Exercise Purpose(s) and Objectives: Objectives were based on the overall aim of testing, developing, and training coordination, communication, and effectiveness of responses to mass casualties. There were SMART objectives: to establish incident command in 15 minutes, to deploy resources in 30 minutes, to conduct triage in 45 minutes, to coordinate patient transport in 60 minutes, to test communication systems, and to debrief post-incident in 24 hours. Analysis of Capabilities Displayed: Demonstrated capabilities included timely incident command establishment, resource management, triage, and coordination with other agencies for patient transport. It has shown tested interoperable and reliable 21 communication systems. However, room for improvement was noted in communication protocols, resource allocation, and post-incident debriefing. Conclusion: Although the FSE identified critical strengths in initial response coordination and resource deployment, it also highlighted areas needing development—chiefly communication protocols and post-incident debriefing. In its totality, this exercise has given great insight into how to better respond to an MCI in Riyadh. Plan of Improvement: There would be recommendations to amend the communication protocols, increase strategies on resource allocation, and make the debriefing more organized and frequent. The training of effective communication and collaboration between the response agencies would be boosted to improve response efficacy in future incidents. Student name: Fahad Naif Alotaibi
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