Step 1. What is meant by a cause in environmental epidemiology?

Step 1. What is meant by a cause in environmental epidemiology?

Step 2. Apply Bradford Hill’s criteria of causality to an example of an association between a specific environmental exposure (such as UV radiation from the sun, cigarette smoke, radon, and air pollution) and health outcome (such as respiratory diseases, heart disease, and some types of cancer.

Step 3. Investigate whether an association between that specific environmental exposure and the disease can be considered causal.

Prepare your essay following APA formatting, a maximum of 3 pages, including references. Use the same font throughout the text of your paper, including the title and any headings (Sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, 11 point-Arial, 10-point Lucida, or Serif fonts such as 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia or 10-point-Computer-Modern). Double-space the entire paper, including the title page, text, headings, reference list, table and figure notes, and appendices. Use 1 in. (2.54 cm) margins on all sides (top, bottom, left, and right) of the page.

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