Run the simulations and answer the questions.
Run the simulations and answer the questions.
Migration and Evolution.nlogo Exercise 1: Migration and Evolution
In the top right corner click on “Choose File” to Upload a Model. Find the Migration and Evolution.nlogo file where you saved it and upload it to NetLogo.
Click on the “Model Info” tab at the bottom of the page to access important information about the simulation and answer the following questions:
Question 1
What does patch-carrying-capacity set?
Group of answer choicesTHE NUMBER OF TURTLES ABLE TO SURVIVE, GIVEN RESOURCE AVAILABILITY AND COMPETITION, ACROSS ALL PATCHES
THE NUMBER OF TURTLES ABLE TO SURVIVE, GIVEN RESOURCE AVAILABILITY AND COMPETITION, WITHIN A PATCH
THE NUMBER OF TURTLES IN A PATCH AT A GIVEN TIME POINT
THE NUMBER OF TURTLES ACROSS ALL PATCHES
Question 2
What does selection set?
Group of answer choicesIT SETS THE NUMBER OF ADAPTATIONS A TURTLE CAN HAVE
THE NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL OFFSPRING BORN TO A TURTLE THAT SHARES THE SAME COLOR AS THE PATCH IT’S IN
THE PROBABILITY OF AN ADDITIONAL OFFSPRING BEING BORN TO A TURTLE THAT SHARES THE SAME COLOR AS THE PATCH IT’S IN
IT INCORPORATES A PROBABILITY OF RANDOMNESS INTO THE SIMULATION
Question 3
How does “turtle” color relate to fitness?
Group of answer choicesIF A TURTLE’S COLOR IS THE SAME AS ITS PATCH, IT HAS A SELECTION PROBABILITY OF PRODUCING AN ADDITIONAL OFFSPRING
IF A TURTLE’S COLOR IS THE SAME AS ITS PATCH, IT HAS A SELECTION PROBABILITY THAT INCREASES ITS LIKELIHOOD OF SURVIVING IN THE PATCH
THE TURTLE’S COLOR HAS NO EFFECT ON FITNESS IN THIS SIMULATION
IF A TURTLE’S COLOR IS THE SAME AS ITS PATCH, THEN IT HAS INCREASED POTENTIAL TO REPRODUCE AND SURVIVE IN THIS SIMULATION
Question 4
What does patches-wide and patches-tall set?
Group of answer choicesIT SETS THE AMOUNT OF TURTLES PER PATCH
IT SETS THE LENGTH AND WIDTH OF THE PATCHES
IT SETS THE NUMBER OF COLORS ACROSS PATCHES
IT SETS THE NUMBER OF PATCHES THERE ARE IN THE X AND Y DIMENSIONS
Question 5
What is the equation for FST (found in CogBooks)
Group of answer choicesFST = 1/[1+(16*NE*M)]
FST = 1/(16*NE*M)
? = 4*NE*?N
? = 4*NE
Question 6
What is Ne in the simulation?
Group of answer choicesTHE EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE BETWEEN PATCHES
THE EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE ACROSS PATCHES
NE IS NOT REPRESENTED IN THIS SIMULATION
Question 7:
What is m in the simulation?
Group of answer choicesTHE MIGRATION RATE
THE SUB-POPULATION DIFFERENCES
THE FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT COLORS
THE MODEL SPEED
Question 8
According to CogBooks, what does it mean if FST is close to 1?
Group of answer choicesWHEN FST IS CLOSE TO 1, THE POPULATION ALLELE FREQUENCIES ARE VERY SIMILAR
WHEN FST IS CLOSE TO 1, THE POPULATION ALLELE FREQUENCIES ARE VERY DIFFERENT
WHEN FST IS CLOSE TO 1, THE POPULATION ALLELE FREQUENCIES ARE RANDOM
WHEN FST IS CLOSE TO 1, THE POPULATION ALLELE FREQUENCIES ARE 100%
Question 9
According to CogBooks, what does it mean if FST is close to 0?
Group of answer choicesWHEN FST IS CLOSE TO 0, THE POPULATION ALLELE FREQUENCIES ARE VERY SIMILAR
WHEN FST IS CLOSE TO 0, THE POPULATION ALLELE FREQUENCIES ARE VERY DIFFERENT
WHEN FST IS CLOSE TO 0, THE POPULATION ALLELE FREQUENCIES ARE RANDOM
WHEN FST IS CLOSE TO 0, THE POPULATION ALLELE FREQUENCIES ARE 100%
Let’s start by looking at what happens when populations are separated such that there is no migration between them.
Set:
patch-carrying-capacity to 100
colors to 10
patches-wide to 2 and patches-tall to 1, so that you only have 2 patches
selection to 0, so only genetic drift affects allele frequencies
migration-rate to 0 so that organisms cannot move between patches
Hit setup and go to run the model.
Question 10
Does the same color go to fixation in each patch?
Group of answer choicesYES
N
Question 11
What happens to the genetic differences between the patches (FST)? What does this mean? (Pay attention to the graph showing changes in FST on the bottom left).
In many cases, populations are not completely isolated. There can be some migration between populations of a species. We will now look at how migration affects evolution. Set the migration-rate to 0.1 (the maximum), hit setup, and go to run the model. You may get an error if both patches fix for the same color, it’s ok.
Question 12
Does the same color go to fixation in each patch? Why or why not?
Question 13
What happens to FST?
Population genetics predicts that you only need 1 migrant (or more) per generation to make neighboring populations have similar allele frequencies (FST low). Set the patch-carrying-capacity and migration-rate to produce much less than 1 migrant per generation (patch-carrying-capacity value x migration-rate value = between 0.01 and 0.1). Click setup and go.
Question 14
What did you set the variables to?
Question 15
What happens to FST initially? Why?
Question 16
What happens to FST eventually? Why? Does it reach 1?
Now let’s look at the effect of natural selection. Set selection to 1 (its maximum), and migration-rate back to 0, hit setup and go to run the model.
Question 17
What do you notice about which colors go to fixation in the patches relative to the patch background?
Question 18
What happens to FST?
Finally, we will look at how migration and natural selection interact. Set the migration-rate to 0.1, hit setup, make sure the patches have different background colors (hit setup again if you need to), then go to run the model.
Do the colors go to fixation in each patch? Why or why not?
Question 20
What happens to FST?
Now let’s experiment with an effect called gene swamping.
Question 21
Explain gene swamping (defined in CogBooks)
Group of answer choicesWhen an older gene overwhelms a new population
When swamp-adapted species mutate
When a particular gene takes over a population
When gene flow overwhelms local adaptation
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