pick one of the disorders and write on that disorder. the assignment should address information on the following areas: Describe the origins or history of the mental disorder

The assignment should adhere to the following

· For the main sections it should have a:

· A title pg: The title should be appropriate as per the topics chosen for research.

· An introduction: This should be 2- to 3-pgs in length. The introduction provides a brief overview of what will be covered and the purpose of the assignemnt.

· A literature review: The literature review is taken in part from the Annotated Bibliography wrote in Week 3. The literature review is not a copy of that material. Rather, it is a synthesis of the relevant material into a cohesive review of the literature on your chosen topic. Thus, it is not a copy of your Annotated Bibliography. This should be 2-3 pgs.

· Discussion and conclusions: The difference between a great term paper and a marginal one is the depth and originality of the discussion and conclusions section. This is where you bring together what you learned from the literature review (as well as through the course) in your concluding remarks regarding your topic. This is the section that you draw connections between the research and course. The discussion and conclusions section should be one to two pages in length.

· Reference page: Remember to follow APA format and style.

· You should include 6 current (published within the last 5 years) peer reviewed journals plus the text so a total of 7 references in your final paper.

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1

Annotated Bibliography: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Annotated Bibliography: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Barawi, K. S., Lewis, C., Simon, N., & Bisson, J. I. (2020). A systematic review of factors associated with outcome of psychological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1774240.

In their meta-analysis, Barawi, K. S et al. have thoroughly examined the risk factors that came as hurdles in the path of development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adults who are exposed to trauma. By combining the data from 72 studies, including the 21,000 participants, the authors find different significant danger factors for PTSD, which include the female gender, preceding trauma contact, the seriousness of the trauma, and the lack of social support. In addition, they have explored the effect of mental variables, such as overthinking and negative judgments, in predicting PTSD symptoms.

Barawi, K. S, et al.'s meta-analysis thoroughly analyzes the risk factors of PTSD, which utilizes a wealth of empirical data. By precise data analysis techniques, they combine the results from different studies, boosting their conclusions' reliability and applicability. The integration of the demographic and mental variables enhances the understanding of the complex network of factors that are affecting PTSD weaknesses. However, while the meta-analysis exposes the critical risk factors, it needs to include a detailed examination of this connection's strong moderators and mediators.

Wang, Y. R., Ford, M. T., Credé, M., Harms, P. D., & Lester, P. B. (2023). A meta-analysis on the crossover of workplace traumatic stress symptoms between partners.  Journal of Applied Psychology,  108(7), 1157.

Wang, Y. R. et al. provide a conceptual analysis and practical examination of the results of trauma, with a focus on understanding the large variety of psychological, social, and biological responses to traumatic experiences. Using the theoretical structure from psychology and related disciplines, the authors represent a detailed model of trauma results that shows both rapid and long-term consequences. They review the observational research examining the psychological effects of trauma, including PTSD, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, as well as its impact on their personal relationships and physical health.

Wang, Y. R. et al.'s analysis and review provide a detailed exploration of the trauma results, which combines ideas from different disciplines. They represent a model that offers a valuable structure for understanding the complex connection of psychological, social, and biological factors post-trauma. While the article expertly covers an extensive range of psychological and physiological responses to trauma, it lacks a detailed discussion on the cultural change in coping strategies and trauma responses. However, the results gathered from their work have significant results for the measures that target the dangerous effects of trauma.

Ng, L. C., Stevenson, A., Kalapurakkel, S. S., Hanlon, C., Seedat, S., Harerimana, B., … & Koenen, K. C. (2020). National and regional prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS medicine, 17(5), e1003090.

In their study, Ng, L. C. et al. studied data from the World Mental Health Surveys, which consisted of epidemiological studies based on populations in different countries. With a sample size going beyond 150,000 individuals across 27 countries, the authors use the uniform diagnostic examination to explore the occurrence, correspondence, and comorbidity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Their results show the significant variability in PTSD frequency, especially noting the high levels in regions that are affected by clashes.

Ng, L. C. et al.'s research provides valuable ideas into the epidemiology and connection with PTSD from different cultural contexts, which uses a large and geographically different sample. Their use of advanced cure measures confirms the reliability and comparability of findings across countries, enhancing the study results. However, while the research highlights the global frequency of PTSD, it could have examined deeper into the cultural changes in the symptom presentation and help-seeking behaviors. Despite this restriction, the results essentially play a role in the understanding of both universal and culturally specific factors that enhance the representation and effect of PTSD.

Annotated Bibliography: Anxiety Disorders

Koerner, N., McEvoy, P., & Tallon, K. (2020). Cognitive‐Behavioral Models of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Toward a Synthesis.  Generalized anxiety disorder and worrying: A comprehensive handbook for clinicians and researchers, 117-150.

Koerner N. et al. present a different theory of empirical escaping in Generalized Anxiety Disorder, suggesting a disparity avoidance model of concern. The authors review and synthesize research supporting this model, which postulates that people with GAD are involved in worry as a plan to avoid experiencing sharp increases in negative effects associated with unpredictable stressors. They discuss empirical evidence for the part of prejudice of ambiguity and emotion regulation difficulties in driving worry and avoidance behaviors in GAD.

The article offers a compelling theoretical framework for understanding the maintenance of worry and avoidance in GAD, integrating insights from cognitive-behavioral and emotion regulation theories. Koerner, N. et al. contrast avoidance model provides a nuanced explanation for the function of worry as a maladaptive coping strategy in GAD. However, future research should aim to empirically test the predictions of the model using longitudinal and experimental designs. Nonetheless, the theoretical insights provided by the article have important implications for enhancing our understanding and treatment of GAD.

Warner, E. N., Ammerman, R. T., Glauser, T. A., Pestian, J. P., Agasthya, G., & Strawn, J. R. (2023). Developmental Epidemiology of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders.  Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics,  32(3), 511-530.

Warner, E. N. et al. provide an overview of the epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century, synthesizing findings from population-based studies conducted worldwide. The authors discuss the prevalence, age of onset, comorbidity patterns, and societal burden of anxiety disorders, including Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Panic Disorder, and Social Anxiety Disorder. They highlight the significant impact of anxiety disorders on individuals' quality of life and work, as well as the challenges in accurately diagnosing and treating these conditions.

The article offers a comprehensive review of the epidemiology of anxiety disorders, providing valuable insights into the prevalence and burden of these conditions in the contemporary context. Warner, E. N. et al. effectively summarize findings from a diverse range of studies, highlighting the global public health significance of anxiety disorders.

Hyde, J., Ryan, K. M., & Waters, A. M. (2019). Psychophysiological markers of fear and anxiety.  Current Psychiatry Reports,  21, 1-10.

Hyde, J., et al. synthesize recent research on cognition in anxiety disorders, examining cognitive processes implicated in the etiology and maintenance of these conditions. The authors review findings from experimental studies investigating attentional biases, interpretation biases, memory processes, and cognitive control deficits in anxiety disorders, including GAD, Panic Disorder, and Social Anxiety Disorder. They discuss the implications of cognitive dysfunction for understanding symptomatology, treatment outcomes, and relapse prevention in anxiety disorders.

The review by Hyde J. et al. provides a comprehensive synthesis of recent research on cognition in anxiety disorders, offering insights into the underlying mechanisms driving symptomatology and treatment response. The authors effectively integrate findings from experimental studies across various anxiety disorders, highlighting commonalities and differences in cognitive processes.

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