HMGT 400 Research and Data Analysis in Healthcare

ORIGINAL POST Healthcare service research uses quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative research examines data, while qualitative research examines feelings, and these methods will be compared. Quantitative research examines data, relationships, and theories. Surveys, studies, and clinical trials give statistical and generalizable data. The technique evaluates intervention efficacy, patient outcomes, and illness prevalence. Quantitative studies can determine a novel blood pressure medicine in many patients. Qualitative research explores complex challenges, human perspectives, and profound findings. Interviews, observations, and focus groups yield non numerical data (Contributor, 2007). Qualitative research examines patients’ experien ces, healthcare professionals’ perspectives, and cultural impacts on healthcare decisions. Qualitative research may analyze chronic pain patients’ doctor-patient relationships. Healthcare mixed-methods research uses quantitative and qualitative methods. Statistics, intriguing tales, and contextual insights help scholars assess a topic’s scope and depth (Qualitative Research and Its Uses in Health Care, 2008). In study, quantitative data is analyzed using statistical tests, such as descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, and regression. Quantitative research reveals causality and trends. Qualitative research methods are then used to analyze non-numerical data. Interview transcripts, field notes, and films are used in qualitative research to determine the grou nded theory, themes, and qualitative insights. Researchers seek insights, patterns, and frameworks to understand a phenomenon’s complexity. On the other hand, quantitative researchers must carefully design data collection strategies for reliability and validity. Assess biases and confounding factors that may affect results. Representative samples are needed for generalizability. Research selection bias is reduced by stratification or random sampling. Relevance and rich information are factors in qualitative research participant selection. Researchers must evaluate data quality, saturation, and variety (Qualitative Research and Its Uses in Health Care, 2008). In quantitative research, depth over generalizability restricts transfer. Researchers should provide background, explanations, and detailed descriptions for validity and application. Many methods can help researchers overcome these challenges. Quality design and randomization mitigate quantitative research biases. Large samples and multi-center research boost generalizability. Qualitative researchers verify members to improve data reliability. Peer-debriefed, triangulated, and validated qualitative research is reliable. References Contributor, N. (2007, February 20). Understanding qualitative research and its value in healthcare. Nursing Times. https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/leadership/understanding-qualitative-research-and-itsvalue-in-healthcare-20-02-2007/ Qualitative research and its uses in health care. (2008, March 1). PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21654952 RESPONSES REQUIRED Respond to Wendell: Your explanation was highly informative, providing numerous examples and detailed insights. While it might enhance clarity to have the questions laid out throughout your explanation, I appreciated how you seamlessly answered the questions during your discussion. One question that arises from your explanation is: How do researchers effectively address potential biases when integrating quantitative and qualitative research methods? Wendell RESPOND TO ELIANNE: Compare the quantitative and qualitative research in healthcare service. The answer may be in a narrative or a tabular format. Provide the information on: When is each approach used? Quantitative research evaluates risk factors, association strengths, frequencies, or trends influencing the incidence and prevalence of illnesses and conditions affecting a population. It is used to allocate hospital, state, and federal resources where needed or evaluate the effectiveness of medications and healthcare interventions. It is used when results must be objective, numerical, reliable, verifiable, and precise to answer a question about a healthcare phenomenon affecting a population. It allows researchers to draw evidence-based conclusions and provide recommendations to improve healthcare quality and delivery (Renjith et al., 2021). Qualitative research is used to understand patient satisfaction, increase the quality of patient care, and improve managerial leadership or intervention outcomes. It helps the researcher understand why the phenomenon occurs. It relies on the subjects’ experiences, meanings, and views of the problem (University of Maryland Global Campus, n.d.), giving more in-depth information than the quantitative method can provide. For example, a qualitative study can help researchers understand that a healthcare intervention had low results in a town because of the population’s lack of trust in vaccines. Can they be applied to the same researchable question? Explain why yes or no. Qualitative and quantitative methods can be used in a mixed-method approach to answer the same question. Qualitative data can be collected first through interviews with subjects, and then they ca n be required to complete surveys for quantitative analysis and results about the same question. An example would be, “Do older adults who self-rate themselves as having “poor health” have a higher rate of chronic illnesses than adults who self-rate as having “good health”? What type of data is used for each research style? Qualitative research gathers data from interviews and observations using words to describe the subject’s opinions, experiences, or points of view. On the other hand, quantitative research uses numerical data that can be discrete or continuous and analyzed using statistical tests. How is the data selected and processed in each research type? Qualitative research: 1) Data is collected using collection tools like interviews, document reviews, observations, case studies, or reports, and it can still be collected throughout all stages of the research. 2) The researchers have to read and understand the data. 3) Researchers develop codes for the data by “assigning labels to the words, sentences, or paragraphs in which the concepts occur” (University of Maryland Global Campus, n.d.). Code development can be inductive theory, in which researchers analyze the data line by line until all possible concepts surface. They can also use a deductive theory approach, assigning preliminary codes before analyzing the data. The integrative theory approach uses both methods. 4) Then, researchers finalize and apply the codes. The researchers create a codebook with all the codes that emerge from the data. In the intercoder reliability stage, more team members apply the codes in the codebook and evaluate if the codes accurately represent the concept. Researchers then agree on a final code structure (University of Maryland Global Campus, n.d.) Quantitative Research 1) Data is collected using sample populations, experimental groups, surveys, or databases. 2)The original data is preserved, a copy is made, and the validation methods are applied to the copied data. The copy goes through Data Screening for questionable or erroneous values. For example, any extreme value, although an extreme value, does not mean it is wrong. Another validation method is Data Verification, in which the researcher decides to keep or discard suspicious values. Also, researchers list confounding factors or errors that affect the data, like faulty equipment at some point in data collection. 3) The data is then put through a statistical test that best answers the research question. The results are analyzed to reach conclusions that help researchers suggest recommendations. What challenges in data selection do researchers need to be aware of, and how to overcome them? Qualitative research has challenges during data selection when it goes through the cleaning process. During data validation, they check for errors and why they occurred. During data verification, an invalid number might be rejected and replaced with redundant valid numbers or included in the analysis. The researcher uses personal expert judgment to overcome data selection. In Quantitative research, a challenge in data selection is discovering themes in the data and assigning them to codes. The challenge of discovering themes is overcome by using techniques like analyzing repeated keywords in the data, searching for missing information, carefully reading large blocks of information, comparing and contrasting information, analyzing linguistic features, and physically manipulating the data (Ryan & Bernard, 2003) References Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15(1), 85109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X02239569 Renjith, V., Yesodharan, R., Noronha, J. A., Ladd, E., & George, A. (2021). Qualitative methods in health care research. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_321_19 University of Maryland Global Campus. (n.d.). Qualitative analysis in health services research. Document posted in UMGC [HMGT 400-6381] online classroom, archived at https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/dam/course-content/tus/hmgt/hmgt400/document/Qualitative%20Analysis%20in%20Health%20Services%20Research%20%282%29.pdf RESPOND TO BRIGHT: Aspect Quantitative Research Qualitative Research When each approach is used Typically used to measure numerical Generally employed to explore data, such as prevalence rates, complex phenomena, such as patient treatment outcomes, and patient experiences, healthcare provider satisfaction scores. attitudes, and the impact of interventions. Can they be applied to the same researchable question? Yes, but with different emphases. Yes, they can complement each Quantitative research focuses on other. For instance, a study on objective measurements and patient satisfaction with a new statistical analyses, while qualitative healthcare program might begin with research delves into subjective qualitative interviews to understand experiences and perceptions. the factors influencing satisfaction, Combining qualitative and followed by a quantitative survey to quantitative approaches in a mixed measure satisfaction levels. methods study can yield rich results (Elizabeth, 2017, p.322). Type of data used Numerical data is often collected through surveys, experiments, or observations. Non-numerical data, including interviews, focus groups, observations, and textual analysis, “may result in written summaries, narrative text, or bullet points” (Sengstack, 2015, p.176). How data is selected and processed Data selection involves identifying Data selection involves purposive specific variables of interest and sampling to capture diverse employing standardized perspectives and experiences. Data measurement instruments. Data processing includes thematic processing includes statistical analysis, coding, and interpretation analyses to test hypotheses and draw to identify patterns and themes. conclusions. Challenges in data selection and how Selection bias may occur if the to overcome them sample does not represent the population adequately. Researchers can mitigate this by using random sampling techniques and ensuring a large enough sample size. Challenges may include researcher bias, data credibility, and the subjective nature of interpretation. Researchers can address these by employing multiple data collection methods, conducting member checks, and maintaining reflexivity throughout the research process. References Elizabeth R. Lenz, P. R. F., Carolyn F. Waltz, P. R. F., & Ora Lea Strickland, P. R. F. (2017). Measurement in Nursing and Health Research: Vol. Fifth edition. Springer Publishing Company. Patricia Sengstack, & Charles Boicey. (2015). Mastering Informatics: A Healthcare Handbook for Success. Sigma Theta Tau International.

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