Concorde Career College Adam ppt2223
PRIMARY HYPERTENSION DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT: EVIDENCE-BASED CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES ADAM BURKHART UNITED STATES UNIVERSITY FNP 592: COMMON ILLNESSES ACROSS THE LIFESPAN DR. KRISTIN OLSON FEBRUARY 7, 2024 HYPERTENSION OVERVIEW • Hypertension Definition • Prevalence and Health Impact • Importance of Early Detection and Management ANATOMY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM • Heart: Chambers (atria and ventricles), valves (mitral, tricuspid, aortic, pulmonary). • Blood vessels: Arteries (carry oxygenated blood away from the heart), veins (return deoxygenated blood to the heart), capillaries (exchange of gases and nutrients). • Role of the cardiovascular system in blood pressure regulation. PHYSIOLOGY INVOLVED IN HYPERTENSION • Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): Regulation of blood volume and vascular tone. • Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) activation: Increases heart rate and vasoconstriction. • Endothelial dysfunction: Impaired vasodilation and increased vascular resistance. • Sodium retention: Increases extracellular fluid volume, leading to increased blood pressure. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA • Blood Pressure Measurement Techniques • Classification of Blood Pressure Levels • Thresholds for Diagnosis (Based on Recent Guidelines) SCREENING AND EVALUATION • Importance of Regular Blood Pressure Monitoring • Screening Recommendations • Initial Evaluation for Hypertension Diagnosis LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS • Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet • Importance of Physical Activity • Smoking Cessation • Limitation of Alcohol Consumption PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT • First-Line Medications for Hypertension • Combination Therapy Approaches • Individualized Treatment Plans Based on Comorbidities and Patient Characteristics MONITORING AND FOLLOW UP • Importance of Regular Follow-Up Visits • Monitoring Blood Pressure Control • Adjustments to Treatment Plans as Necessary SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS • Hypertension in Special Populations (Pregnant Women, Elderly, Children) • Hypertension Management in Patients with Diabetes or Chronic Kidney Disease • Considerations for Resistant Hypertension PATIENT/FAMILY EDUCATION • Importance of Patient Understanding and Adherence • Encouraging Lifestyle Modifications • Empowering Patients to Play an Active Role in Their Health Management REFERENCES American Heart Association. (2024). Monitoring your blood pressure at home. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/understanding-blood-pressurereadings/monitoring-your-blood-pressure-at-home Belleza, M. (2023). Cardiovascular system anatomy and physiology. Nurseslabs. https://nurseslabs.com/cardiovascular-system-anatomy-physiology/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Facts about hypertension. https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm#:~:text=Nearly%20half%20of%20adults%20have,a re%20taking%20medication%20for%20hypertension.&text=About%201%20in%204%20adults,2 2.5%25%2C%2027.0%20million). Coles, S., Fisher, L., Lin, K. W., Lyon, C., Vosooney, A. A., & Bird, M. D. (2022). Blood pressure targets in adults with hypertension: A clinical practice guideline from the AAFP. American Family Physician. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/practice-guidelines-aafphypertension-full-guideline.html DeLalio, L. J., Sved, A. F., & Stocker, S. D. (2020). Sympathetic Nervous System Contributions to Hypertension: Updates and Therapeutic Relevance. The Canadian journal of cardiology, 36(5), 712–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.03.003 Delong, C., & Sharma, S. (2023). Physiology, Peripheral Vascular Resistance. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538308/ Fountain, J. H., Kaur, J., & Lappin, S. L. (2023). Physiology, Renin Angiotensin System. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470410/ Riley, M., Hernandez, A. K., & Kuznia, A. L. (2018). High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. American family physician, 98(8), 486–494. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1015/p486.html Unger, T., Borghi, C., Charchar, F., Khan, N. A., Poulter, N. R., Prabhakaran, D., Ramirez, A., Schlaich, M., Stergiou, G. S., Tomaszewski, M., Wainford, R. D., Williams, B., & Schutte, A. E. (2020). 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. Hypertension, 75(6), 1334–1357. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15026 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2021). Hypertension in adults: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/hypertension-in-adultsscreening Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., MacLaughlin, E. J., Muntner, P., Ovbiagele, B., Smith, S. C., Spencer, C. C., Stafford, R. S., Taler, S. J., Thomas, R. J., Williams, K. A., … Wright, J. T. (2018). 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/apha/ash/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension, 71(6). https://doi.org/10.1161/hyp.0000000000000065
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